英文文献：The MNC as a Knowledge Structure The Roles of Knowledge Sources and Organizational Instruments in MNC Knowledge Management-跨国公司作为一种知识结构，分析了知识来源和组织工具在跨国公司知识管理中的作用
英文文献作者：Nicolai J. Foss,Torben Pedersen
英文文献摘要：
Recent research on the differentiated MNC has concerned knowledge flows between MNC units. While linking up with this literature, we extend in two directions. First, we argue that conceptualizing the MNC as a knowledge structure furthers the understanding of intra-MNC knowledge flows. Thus, we see MNC knowledge elements as being structured along such dimensions as their type and degree of complementarity to other knowledge elements, and their sources, for example, whether they are mainly developed from external or internal knowledge sources. These dimensions matter in terms of knowledge flows, because they influence the costs and benefits of knowledge transfer and, hence, the actual level of knowledge transferred. Second, based on this conceptualization, we argue that MNC management can influence the development, characteristics and transfer of knowledge through choices regarding organizational instruments (control, motivation and context). We test six hypotheses derived from these arguments against a unique dataset on subsidiary knowledge development. The dataset includes information on organizational instruments, sources of subsidiary knowledge, and the extent of knowledge transfer to other MNC units. It covers more than 2,000 subsidiaries located in seven different European countries.

近年来关于跨国公司差异化的研究主要集中在跨国公司各单位之间的知识流动。与此文献相联系时，我们从两个方面进行扩展。首先，我们认为将跨国公司概念化为一种知识结构可以进一步理解跨国公司内部的知识流动。因此，我们认为跨国公司的知识要素是沿着其类型、与其他知识要素的互补性程度以及其来源(例如，它们主要是来自外部还是内部知识来源)等维度构建的。就知识流动而言，这些维度很重要，因为它们影响知识转移的成本和收益，因此也影响知识转移的实际水平。其次，基于这一概念，我们认为跨国公司管理可以通过对组织工具(控制、动机和环境)的选择来影响知识的发展、特征和转移。我们测试了六个来自这些论点的假设，反对一个关于辅助知识发展的独特数据集。数据集包括有关组织工具、辅助知识来源和知识转移到其他跨国公司单位的程度的信息。它在欧洲7个不同的国家设有2000多家子公司。