收入隔离和代际流动性的决定因素：使用测验分数衡量不匹配The Determinants of Income Segregation and Intergenerational Mobility: Using Test Scores to Measure Undermatching
AbstractWe analyze how changes in the allocation of students to colleges would affect segregation by parental income across colleges and intergenerational mobility in the United States. We do so by linking data from tax records on parents' incomes and students' earnings outcomes for each college to data on students' SAT and ACT scores. We find that equalizing application, admission, and matriculation rates across parental income groups conditional on test scores would reduce segregation substantially, primarily by increasing the representation of middle-class students at more selective colleges. However, it would have little impact on the fraction of low-income students at elite private colleges because there are relatively few students from low-income families with sufficiently high SAT/ACT scores. Differences in parental income distributions across colleges could be eliminated by giving low and middle-income students a sliding-scale preference in the application and admissions process similar to that implicitly given to legacy students at elite private colleges. Assuming that 80% of observational differences in students' earnings conditional on test scores, race, and parental income are due to colleges' causal effects — a strong assumption, but one consistent with prior work — such changes could reduce intergenerational income persistence among college students by about 25%. We conclude that changing how students are allocated to colleges could substantially reduce segregation and increase intergenerational mobility, even without changing colleges' educational programs.

我们分析了大学分配给学生的变化将如何影响美国各校的父母收入和代际流动性。我们通过将每所大学的父母收入和学生收入结果的税收记录中的数据与学生的SAT和ACT分数数据相关联来实现此目的。我们发现，以考试成绩为条件，使父母收入各组之间的申请，录取和入学率平均化，将大大减少隔离现象，这主要是通过增加中产阶级学生在更具选择性的大学中的代表性来实现的。但是，这对精英私立大学的低收入学生比例几乎没有影响，因为来自低收入家庭的SAT / ACT分数足够高的学生相对较少。可以通过向中低收入学生在申请和录取过程中给予滑坡式的偏爱，类似于隐性给予精英私立大学的传统学生的方式，消除父母在大学之间的收入分配差异。假设以考试成绩，种族和父母收入为条件的学生收入的观察差异的80％是由于大学的因果效应（一个强有力的假设，但与先前的工作相符）导致的，那么这种变化可能会降低大学生之间的代际收入持久性减少约25％。我们得出的结论是，即使不更改大学的教育计划，改变学生分配大学的方式也可以大大减少种族隔离并提高代际流动性。

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