数据分析最有用的25个 Matplotlib图（二）——AIU人工智能学院

AIU人工智能学院

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收藏 2020-05-24

AIU 人工智能学院：数据科学、人工智能从业者的在线学院。

数据科学（Python/R/Julia）数据分析、机器学习、深度学习

作者 | zsx_yiyiyi
来源 | python大本营

25个Matplotlib图的汇编，在数据分析和可视化中最有用。此列表允许您使用Python的Matplotlib和Seaborn库选择要显示的可视化对象。今天给大家分享剩余的12个，更多干货后续奉上，大家可持续关注我们。

14.面积图

通过对轴和线之间的区域进行着色，区域图不仅强调峰值和低谷，而且还强调高点和低点的持续时间。高点持续时间越长，线下面积越大。

import numpy as npimport pandas as pd# Prepare Datadf = pd.read_csv("https://github.com/selva86/datasets/raw/master/economics.csv", parse_dates=['date']).head(100)x = np.arange(df.shape[0])y_returns = (df.psavert.diff().fillna(0)/df.psavert.shift(1)).fillna(0) * 100# Plotplt.figure(figsize=(16,10), dpi= 80)plt.fill_between(x[1:], y_returns[1:], 0, where=y_returns[1:] >= 0, facecolor='green', interpolate=True, alpha=0.7)plt.fill_between(x[1:], y_returns[1:], 0, where=y_returns[1:] <= 0, facecolor='red', interpolate=True, alpha=0.7)# Annotateplt.annotate('Peak 1975', xy=(94.0, 21.0), xytext=(88.0, 28), bbox=dict(boxstyle='square', fc='firebrick'), arrowprops=dict(facecolor='steelblue', shrink=0.05), fontsize=15, color='white')# Decorationsxtickvals = [str(m)[:3].upper()+"-"+str(y) for y,m in zip(df.date.dt.year, df.date.dt.month_name())]plt.gca().set_xticks(x[::6])plt.gca().set_xticklabels(xtickvals[::6], rotation=90, fontdict={'horizontalalignment': 'center', 'verticalalignment': 'center_baseline'})plt.ylim(-35,35)plt.xlim(1,100)plt.title("Month Economics Return %", fontsize=22)plt.ylabel('Monthly returns %')plt.grid(alpha=0.5)plt.show()

排序

15. 有序条形图

有序条形图有效地传达了项目的排名顺序。但是，在图表上方添加度量标准的值，用户可以从图表本身获取精确信息。

# Prepare Datadf_raw = pd.read_csv("https://github.com/selva86/datasets/raw/master/mpg_ggplot2.csv")df = df_raw[['cty', 'manufacturer']].groupby('manufacturer').apply(lambda x: x.mean())df.sort_values('cty', inplace=True)df.reset_index(inplace=True)# Draw plotimport matplotlib.patches as patchesfig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(16,10), facecolor='white', dpi= 80)ax.vlines(x=df.index, ymin=0, ymax=df.cty, color='firebrick', alpha=0.7, linewidth=20)# Annotate Textfor i, cty in enumerate(df.cty): ax.text(i, cty+0.5, round(cty, 1), horizontalalignment='center')# Title, Label, Ticks and Ylimax.set_title('Bar Chart for Highway Mileage', fontdict={'size':22})ax.set(ylabel='Miles Per Gallon', ylim=(0, 30))plt.xticks(df.index, df.manufacturer.str.upper(), rotation=60, horizontalalignment='right', fontsize=12)# Add patches to color the X axis labelsp1 = patches.Rectangle((.57, -0.005), width=.33, height=.13, alpha=.1, facecolor='green', transform=fig.transFigure)p2 = patches.Rectangle((.124, -0.005), width=.446, height=.13, alpha=.1, facecolor='red', transform=fig.transFigure)fig.add_artist(p1)fig.add_artist(p2)plt.show()

16. 棒棒糖图

棒棒糖图表以一种视觉上令人愉悦的方式提供与有序条形图类似的目的。

# Prepare Datadf_raw = pd.read_csv("https://github.com/selva86/datasets/raw/master/mpg_ggplot2.csv")df = df_raw[['cty', 'manufacturer']].groupby('manufacturer').apply(lambda x: x.mean())df.sort_values('cty', inplace=True)df.reset_index(inplace=True)# Draw plotfig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(16,10), dpi= 80)ax.vlines(x=df.index, ymin=0, ymax=df.cty, color='firebrick', alpha=0.7, linewidth=2)ax.scatter(x=df.index, y=df.cty, s=75, color='firebrick', alpha=0.7)# Title, Label, Ticks and Ylimax.set_title('Lollipop Chart for Highway Mileage', fontdict={'size':22})ax.set_ylabel('Miles Per Gallon')ax.set_xticks(df.index)ax.set_xticklabels(df.manufacturer.str.upper(), rotation=60, fontdict={'horizontalalignment': 'right', 'size':12})ax.set_ylim(0, 30)# Annotatefor row in df.itertuples(): ax.text(row.Index, row.cty+.5, s=round(row.cty, 2), horizontalalignment= 'center', verticalalignment='bottom', fontsize=14)plt.show()

17. 包点图

点图表传达了项目的排名顺序。由于它沿水平轴对齐，因此您可以更容易地看到点彼此之间的距离。

18. 坡度图

斜率图最适合比较给定人/项目的“之前”和“之后”位置。

import matplotlib.lines as mlines# Import Datadf = pd.read_csv("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/selva86/datasets/master/gdppercap.csv")left_label = [str(c) + ', '+ str(round(y)) for c, y in zip(df.continent, df['1952'])]right_label = [str(c) + ', '+ str(round(y)) for c, y in zip(df.continent, df['1957'])]klass = ['red' if (y1-y2) < 0 else 'green' for y1, y2 in zip(df['1952'], df['1957'])]# draw line# https://stackoverflow.com/questi ... o-draw-a-line-with-matplotlib/36479941def newline(p1, p2, color='black'): ax = plt.gca() l = mlines.Line2D([p1[0],p2[0]], [p1[1],p2[1]], color='red' if p1[1]-p2[1] > 0 else 'green', marker='o', markersize=6) ax.add_line(l) return lfig, ax = plt.subplots(1,1,figsize=(14,14), dpi= 80)# Vertical Linesax.vlines(x=1, ymin=500, ymax=13000, color='black', alpha=0.7, linewidth=1, linestyles='dotted')ax.vlines(x=3, ymin=500, ymax=13000, color='black', alpha=0.7, linewidth=1, linestyles='dotted')# Pointsax.scatter(y=df['1952'], x=np.repeat(1, df.shape[0]), s=10, color='black', alpha=0.7)ax.scatter(y=df['1957'], x=np.repeat(3, df.shape[0]), s=10, color='black', alpha=0.7)# Line Segmentsand Annotationfor p1, p2, c in zip(df['1952'], df['1957'], df['continent']): newline([1,p1], [3,p2]) ax.text(1-0.05, p1, c + ', ' + str(round(p1)), horizontalalignment='right', verticalalignment='center', fontdict={'size':14}) ax.text(3+0.05, p2, c + ', ' + str(round(p2)), horizontalalignment='left', verticalalignment='center', fontdict={'size':14})# 'Before' and 'After' Annotationsax.text(1-0.05, 13000, 'BEFORE', horizontalalignment='right', verticalalignment='center', fontdict={'size':18, 'weight':700})ax.text(3+0.05, 13000, 'AFTER', horizontalalignment='left', verticalalignment='center', fontdict={'size':18, 'weight':700})# Decorationax.set_title("Slopechart: Comparing GDP Per Capita between 1952 vs 1957", fontdict={'size':22})ax.set(xlim=(0,4), ylim=(0,14000), ylabel='Mean GDP Per Capita')ax.set_xticks([1,3])ax.set_xticklabels(["1952", "1957"])plt.yticks(np.arange(500, 13000, 2000), fontsize=12)# Lighten bordersplt.gca().spines["top"].set_alpha(.0)plt.gca().spines["bottom"].set_alpha(.0)plt.gca().spines["right"].set_alpha(.0)plt.gca().spines["left"].set_alpha(.0)plt.show()

19. 哑铃图

哑铃图传达各种项目的“前”和“后”位置以及项目的排序。如果您想要将特定项目/计划对不同对象的影响可视化，那么它非常有用。

import matplotlib.lines as mlines# Import Datadf = pd.read_csv("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/selva86/datasets/master/health.csv")df.sort_values('pct_2014', inplace=True)df.reset_index(inplace=True)# Func to draw line segmentdef newline(p1, p2, color='black'): ax = plt.gca() l = mlines.Line2D([p1[0],p2[0]], [p1[1],p2[1]], color='skyblue') ax.add_line(l) return l# Figure and Axesfig, ax = plt.subplots(1,1,figsize=(14,14), facecolor='#f7f7f7', dpi= 80)# Vertical Linesax.vlines(x=.05, ymin=0, ymax=26, color='black', alpha=1, linewidth=1, linestyles='dotted')ax.vlines(x=.10, ymin=0, ymax=26, color='black', alpha=1, linewidth=1, linestyles='dotted')ax.vlines(x=.15, ymin=0, ymax=26, color='black', alpha=1, linewidth=1, linestyles='dotted')ax.vlines(x=.20, ymin=0, ymax=26, color='black', alpha=1, linewidth=1, linestyles='dotted')# Pointsax.scatter(y=df['index'], x=df['pct_2013'], s=50, color='#0e668b', alpha=0.7)ax.scatter(y=df['index'], x=df['pct_2014'], s=50, color='#a3c4dc', alpha=0.7)# Line Segmentsfor i, p1, p2 in zip(df['index'], df['pct_2013'], df['pct_2014']): newline([p1, i], [p2, i])# Decorationax.set_facecolor('#f7f7f7')ax.set_title("Dumbell Chart: Pct Change - 2013 vs 2014", fontdict={'size':22})ax.set(xlim=(0,.25), ylim=(-1, 27), ylabel='Mean GDP Per Capita')ax.set_xticks([.05, .1, .15, .20])ax.set_xticklabels(['5%', '15%', '20%', '25%'])ax.set_xticklabels(['5%', '15%', '20%', '25%']) plt.show()

分配

20. 连续变量的直方图

直方图显示给定变量的频率分布。下面的表示基于分类变量对频率条进行分组，从而更好地了解连续变量和串联变量。

# Import Datadf = pd.read_csv("https://github.com/selva86/datasets/raw/master/mpg_ggplot2.csv")# Prepare datax_var = 'displ'groupby_var = 'class'df_agg = df.loc[:, [x_var, groupby_var]].groupby(groupby_var)vals = [df[x_var].values.tolist() for i, df in df_agg]# Drawplt.figure(figsize=(16,9), dpi= 80)colors = [plt.cm.Spectral(i/float(len(vals)-1)) for i in range(len(vals))]n, bins, patches = plt.hist(vals, 30, stacked=True, density=False, color=colors[:len(vals)])# Decorationplt.legend({group:col for group, col in zip(np.unique(df[groupby_var]).tolist(), colors[:len(vals)])})plt.title(f"Stacked Histogram of ${x_var}$ colored by ${groupby_var}$", fontsize=22)plt.xlabel(x_var)plt.ylabel("Frequency")plt.ylim(0, 25)plt.xticks(ticks=bins[::3], labels=[round(b,1) for b in bins[::3]])plt.show()

21. 类型变量的直方图

分类变量的直方图显示该变量的频率分布。通过对条形图进行着色，您可以将分布与表示颜色的另一个分类变量相关联。

# Import Datadf = pd.read_csv("https://github.com/selva86/datasets/raw/master/mpg_ggplot2.csv")# Prepare datax_var = 'manufacturer'groupby_var = 'class'df_agg = df.loc[:, [x_var, groupby_var]].groupby(groupby_var)vals = [df[x_var].values.tolist() for i, df in df_agg]# Drawplt.figure(figsize=(16,9), dpi= 80)colors = [plt.cm.Spectral(i/float(len(vals)-1)) for i in range(len(vals))]n, bins, patches = plt.hist(vals, df[x_var].unique().__len__(), stacked=True, density=False, color=colors[:len(vals)])# Decorationplt.legend({group:col for group, col in zip(np.unique(df[groupby_var]).tolist(), colors[:len(vals)])})plt.title(f"Stacked Histogram of ${x_var}$ colored by ${groupby_var}$", fontsize=22)plt.xlabel(x_var)plt.ylabel("Frequency")plt.ylim(0, 40)plt.xticks(ticks=bins, labels=np.unique(df[x_var]).tolist(), rotation=90, horizontalalignment='left')plt.show()

22. 密度图

密度图是一种常用工具，可视化连续变量的分布。通过“响应”变量对它们进行分组，您可以检查X和Y之间的关系。以下情况，如果出于代表性目的来描述城市里程的分布如何随着汽缸数的变化而变化。

# Import Datadf = pd.read_csv("https://github.com/selva86/datasets/raw/master/mpg_ggplot2.csv")# Draw Plotplt.figure(figsize=(16,10), dpi= 80)sns.kdeplot(df.loc[df['cyl'] == 4, "cty"], shade=True, color="g", label="Cyl=4", alpha=.7)sns.kdeplot(df.loc[df['cyl'] == 5, "cty"], shade=True, color="deeppink", label="Cyl=5", alpha=.7)sns.kdeplot(df.loc[df['cyl'] == 6, "cty"], shade=True, color="dodgerblue", label="Cyl=6", alpha=.7)sns.kdeplot(df.loc[df['cyl'] == 8, "cty"], shade=True, color="orange", label="Cyl=8", alpha=.7)# Decorationplt.title('Density Plot of City Mileage by n_Cylinders', fontsize=22)plt.legend()

23. 直方密度线图

带有直方图的密度曲线将两个图表传达的集体信息汇集在一起，这样您就可以将它们放在一个图形而不是两个图形中。

# Import Datadf = pd.read_csv("https://github.com/selva86/datasets/raw/master/mpg_ggplot2.csv")# Draw Plotplt.figure(figsize=(13,10), dpi= 80)sns.distplot(df.loc[df['class'] == 'compact', "cty"], color="dodgerblue", label="Compact", hist_kws={'alpha':.7}, kde_kws={'linewidth':3})sns.distplot(df.loc[df['class'] == 'suv', "cty"], color="orange", label="SUV", hist_kws={'alpha':.7}, kde_kws={'linewidth':3})sns.distplot(df.loc[df['class'] == 'minivan', "cty"], color="g", label="minivan", hist_kws={'alpha':.7}, kde_kws={'linewidth':3})plt.ylim(0, 0.35)# Decorationplt.title('Density Plot of City Mileage by Vehicle Type', fontsize=22)plt.legend()plt.show()

24. Joy Plot

Joy Plot允许不同组的密度曲线重叠，这是一种可视化相对于彼此的大量组的分布的好方法。它看起来很悦目，并清楚地传达了正确的信息。它可以使用joypy基于的包来轻松构建matplotlib。

# !pip install joypy# Import Datampg = pd.read_csv("https://github.com/selva86/datasets/raw/master/mpg_ggplot2.csv")# Draw Plotplt.figure(figsize=(16,10), dpi= 80)fig, axes = joypy.joyplot(mpg, column=['hwy', 'cty'], by="class", ylim='own', figsize=(14,10))# Decorationplt.title('Joy Plot of City and Highway Mileage by Class', fontsize=22)plt.show()

25. 分布式点图

分布点图显示按组分割的点的单变量分布。点数越暗，该区域的数据点集中度越高。通过对中位数进行不同着色，组的真实定位立即变得明显。

import matplotlib.patches as mpatches# Prepare Datadf_raw = pd.read_csv("https://github.com/selva86/datasets/raw/master/mpg_ggplot2.csv")cyl_colors = {4:'tab:red', 5:'tab:green', 6:'tab:blue', 8:'tab:orange'}df_raw['cyl_color'] = df_raw.cyl.map(cyl_colors)# Mean and Median city mileage by makedf = df_raw[['cty', 'manufacturer']].groupby('manufacturer').apply(lambda x: x.mean())df.sort_values('cty', ascending=False, inplace=True)df.reset_index(inplace=True)df_median = df_raw[['cty', 'manufacturer']].groupby('manufacturer').apply(lambda x: x.median())# Draw horizontal linesfig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(16,10), dpi= 80)ax.hlines(y=df.index, xmin=0, xmax=40, color='gray', alpha=0.5, linewidth=.5, linestyles='dashdot')# Draw the Dotsfor i, make in enumerate(df.manufacturer): df_make = df_raw.loc[df_raw.manufacturer==make, :] ax.scatter(y=np.repeat(i, df_make.shape[0]), x='cty', data=df_make, s=75, edgecolors='gray', c='w', alpha=0.5) ax.scatter(y=i, x='cty', data=df_median.loc[df_median.index==make, :], s=75, c='firebrick')# Annotate ax.text(33, 13, "$red ; dots ; are ; the : median$", fontdict={'size':12}, color='firebrick')# Decorationsred_patch = plt.plot([],[], marker="o", ms=10, ls="", mec=None, color='firebrick', label="Median")plt.legend(handles=red_patch)ax.set_title('Distribution of City Mileage by Make', fontdict={'size':22})ax.set_xlabel('Miles Per Gallon (City)', alpha=0.7)ax.set_yticks(df.index)ax.set_yticklabels(df.manufacturer.str.title(), fontdict={'horizontalalignment': 'right'}, alpha=0.7)ax.set_xlim(1, 40)plt.xticks(alpha=0.7)plt.gca().spines["top"].set_visible(False) plt.gca().spines["bottom"].set_visible(False) plt.gca().spines["right"].set_visible(False) plt.gca().spines["left"].set_visible(False) plt.grid(axis='both', alpha=.4, linewidth=.1)plt.show()