美国建筑能耗数据
Table of Contents
iii
Foreword .........................................................................................................................................v
Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ vi
Introduction .................................................................................................................................. vii
List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... viii
Glossary ......................................................................................................................................xxx
1.0 Buildings Sector
1.1 Buildings Sector Energy Consumption ................................................................ 1-3
1.2 Buildings Sector Expenditures ........................................................................... 1-11
1.3 Value of Construction and Research.................................................................. 1-17
1.4 Environmental Data ........................................................................................... 1-20
1.5 Generic Fuel Quad and Comparison .................................................................. 1-29
1.6 Embodied Energy of Building Assemblies ........................................................ 1-32
2.0 Residential Sector
2.1 Residential Energy Consumption ........................................................................ 2-5
2.2 Residential Sector Characteristics...................................................................... 2-14
2.3 Residential Sector Expenditures ........................................................................ 2-18
2.4 Residential Environmental Data ........................................................................ 2-24
2.5 New Residential Buildings and Construction .................................................... 2-29
2.6 Residential Improvements and Companies ........................................................ 2-30
2.7 Multi-Family Housing ....................................................................................... 2-32
2.8 Industrialized Housing (IH) ............................................................................... 2-33
2.9 Low Income Housing ......................................................................................... 2-35
3.0 Commercial Sector
3.1 Commercial Sector Energy Consumption ........................................................... 3-3
3.2 Commercial Sector Characteristics .................................................................... 3-10
3.3 Commercial Sector Expenditures ...................................................................... 3-13
3.4 Commercial Environmental Emissions.............................................................. 3-18
3.5 Commercial Builders and Constructions ........................................................... 3-22
3.6 Office Buildings Markets and Companies ......................................................... 3-23
3.7 Retail Markets and Companies .......................................................................... 3-28
3.8 Hospitals and Medical Facilities ........................................................................ 3-32
3.9 Educational Facilities ......................................................................................... 3-35
3.10 Hotels/Motels ..................................................................................................... 3-40
4.0 Federal Sector
4.1 Federal Buildings Energy Consumption .............................................................. 4-1
4.2 Federal Buildings and Facilities Characteristics .................................................. 4-3
4.3 Federal Buildings and Facilities Expenditures .................................................... 4-4
Table of Contents
iv
5.0 Envelope and Equipment
5.1 Building Materials/Insulation .............................................................................. 5-1
5.2 Windows .............................................................................................................. 5-4
5.3 Heating, Cooling, and Ventilation Equipment ..................................................... 5-8
5.4 Water Heaters ..................................................................................................... 5-15
5.5 Thermal Distribution Systems ........................................................................... 5-17
5.6 Lighting .............................................................................................................. 5-19
5.7 Appliances.......................................................................................................... 5-23
5.8 Active Solar Systems ......................................................................................... 5-33
5.9 On-Site Wind Power .......................................................................................... 5-37
5.10 On-Site Power .................................................................................................... 5-38
6.0 Energy Supply
6.1 Electric Utility Energy Consumption ................................................................... 6-1
6.2 Electricity Generation, Transmission, and Distribution ...................................... 6-4
6.3 Natural Gas Production and Distribution ............................................................. 6-9
6.4 Electric and Generic Quad Carbon Emissions ................................................... 6-11
6.5 Public Benefits Funds/System Benefits Funds .................................................. 6-13
7.0 Energy Codes, Standards, and Laws
7.1 National Legislation on HVAC ........................................................................... 7-1
7.2 National Legislation on Appliances & Equipment .............................................. 7-3
7.3 National Legislation on Building Energy Codes ................................................. 7-6
8.0 Water Data
8.1 Buildings Sector Water Consumption ................................................................. 8-1
8.2 Residential Sector Water Consumption ............................................................... 8-3
8.3 Commercial Sector Water Consumption ............................................................. 8-5
8.4 WaterSense .......................................................................................................... 8-8
9.0 Market Transformation
9.1 ENERGY STAR .................................................................................................. 9-1
9.2 LEED ................................................................................................................... 9-7
9.3 Certification Programs ......................................................................................... 9-9
9.4 High-Performance Buildings ............................................................................. 9-10