行为经济学经典综述，和诸位分享。
Psychology and Economics:
Evidence from the Field

Stefano DellaVigna*
The research in Psychology and Economics (a.k.a. Behavioral Economics) suggests that
individuals deviate from the standard model in three respects: (1) nonstandard preferences,
(2) nonstandard beliefs, and (3) nonstandard decision making. In this paper, I
survey the empirical evidence from the field on these three classes of deviations. The
evidence covers a number of applications, from consumption to finance, from crime to
voting, from charitable giving to labor supply. In the class of nonstandard preferences,
I discuss time preferences (self-control problems), risk preferences (reference dependence),
and social preferences. On nonstandard beliefs, I present evidence on overconfidence,
on the law of small numbers, and on projection bias. Regarding nonstandard
decision making, I cover framing, limited attention, menu effects, persuasion and
social pressure, and emotions. I also present evidence on how rational actors—firms,
employers, CEOs, investors, and politicians—respond to the nonstandard behavior
described in the survey. Finally, I briefly discuss under what conditions experience
and market interactions limit the impact of the nonstandard features.