GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS IN PHARMACEUTICALS： A EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE

Report Prepared for the Directorate General Enterprise of the European Commission

目录

I. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................... 2
II. STRUCTURAL INDICATORS IN THE EU, USA, AND JAPAN.................. 11
III. THE EUROPEAN AND US MULTINATIONALS: COMPARATIVE
PERFORMANCE ...................................................................................................... 25
IV. R&D AND INNOVATION AS SOURCES OF COMPETITIVE
ADVANTAGES.......................................................................................................... 36
IV.1 THE DIVISION OF INNOVATIVE LABOUR IN PHARMACEUTICALS....................... 36
IV.2 THE US AS AN INCREASINGLY PREFERRED LOCATION FOR INVENTION?............ 39
IV.3 COLLABORATION IN RESEARCH, MARKETS FOR TECHNOLOGY, AND
IMPLICATIONS FOR COMPETITIVENESS..................................................................... 43
IV.4 DRUG RESEARCH TOOLS: ANOTHER LARGELY US PHENOMENON?.................. 53
V. THE ROLE OF COMPETITION.................................................................... 57
VI. INSTITUTIONAL DETERMINANTS OF INDUSTRIAL
COMPETITIVENESS ............................................................................................... 66
VI.1 EDUCATION AND RESEARCH IN BIOMEDICAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS............... 67
VI.2 FINANCIAL MARKETS, CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, AND LABOUR
MARKETS FOR SKILLED RESEARCHERS AND MANAGERS. ........................................ 73
VI.3 PROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS ......................................... 76
VI.4 DEGREES AND FORMS OF COMPETITION ON THE FINAL MARKET...................... 78
VII. CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................... 82
VII.1. SUMMARY OF THE MAIN RESULTS AND ISSUES ............................................... 82
VII.2 GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS IN PHARMACEUTICALS. AN INTERPRETATIVE
FRAMEWORK........................................................................................................... 86