Technology and Trade,Gene M.Grossman and Elhanan Helpman,handbook of international Economics,Vol.3,Edited by Gene M.Grossma and Kenneth Rogoff,North-Holland
对于以上问题的答案是多样的。主要取决于模型的假设。至少存在以下的建模差异,内生的技术进步至少有两种,其一是没有意识的创新努力,即干中学效应(Learning by doing),其二是有意识的创新,即通过Research and development来获得技术进步。另外,创新也分为不同的种类,如产品创新与技术创新。创新成果有可能被企业完全内生性,也可能存在技术外溢,根据外溢的程度,又可以分为产业内、产业间、一国内部、跨国的技术外溢。One of our goals in this chapter is
。One of our goals in this chapter is to provide a unified and synthetic treatment of the various models, so that their common elements can be appreciated and their essential distinguishing features understood.很有气势的一段话,体现了对现有文献一个高度的浓缩与把握。