数据来源:自行计算。 数据时间范围:2000-2018年 计算方法:衡量过度或者投资不足程度变量,借鉴 Richardson(2006)和Biddle et al.(2009)的方法,用实际投资规模减去估计最佳投资规模估计残差,得到Invest,对Invest取绝对值求得。
参考文献:
[1]Richardson S. Over-investment of free cash flow[J]. Review of accounting studies, 2006, 11(2-3): 159-189.
[2]Biddle G C, Hilary G, Verdi R S. How does financial reporting quality relate to investment efficiency?[J]. Journal of accounting and economics, 2009, 48(2-3): 112-131.