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2011-04-14
王则可 中山大学岭南学院

差不多十五年以后,迪克西特和奈尔巴夫的非常成功的博弈论著作《策略思维》,升级成为新的博弈论著作《策略的艺术》(The Art of Strategy)。我想跟大家说说自己对于为什么叫做“艺术”的理解。
从《策略思维》到《策略的艺术》,固然大部分材料是新的,但是书名的改变,主要的却是因为作者有了一个全新的视觉。事实上,两位作者自己就写道:“在创作《策略思维》的岁月,我们还太年轻,当时的精神思潮乃是以自我为中心的竞争。后来,我们才彻底认识到合作在策略情形下所起的重要作用,认识到良好的策略必须很好地把竞争与合作结合起来。”从“策略思维”的提法到“策略的艺术”的提法,准确地体现了人类认知的这个深刻进步。
正如作者强调的,博弈论给我们最重要的教训,就是必须理解对方的想法。人们在本性上倾向于以自我为中心,只关注自己的理解和自身的需要。但提高到“策略的艺术”的层次,那就不能囿于自我中心,而是要理解他人的立场、他人的观念以及他们看重什么,并运用这种对对手的理解来指导我们的行动。在这种理解的基础上,怎样很好地把竞争和合作结合起来,就是一种艺术。这是我对于“策略思维”升级为“策略的艺术”的第一层体会。
大约在八年以前,我们中山大学岭南学院的本科学生希望我给他们的毕业纪念册题词。我题词的大意是:“经济学是一门科学,经济学的运用是一种艺术。——科学的本领有赖于训练,艺术的才华讲究悟性和心得。”现在我感到高兴的是,作为一个教师,我的这个体会有点接近迪克西特和奈尔巴夫在《策略的艺术》中对于博弈论所说的一些话。
迪克西特和奈尔巴夫说,“科学和艺术的本质区别在于,科学的内容可以通过系统而富有逻辑的方式来学习,而策略艺术的修炼则只有依靠例子、经验和实践来进行”;“博弈论作为一门学科远非完备,(所以)大量的策略思维仍然是一门艺术。”他们写作《策略的艺术》的目的,是把读者“培养成策略艺术的更佳实践者。不过,对策略艺术的良好实践,首先要求对博弈论的基础概念和基本方法有初步的掌握。”
具体来说,“面对如此之多很不一样的问题如何进行良好的策略思维,仍然是一种艺术。但良好的策略思维的基础,则由一些简单的基本原理组成,这些原理就是正在兴起的策略科学——博弈论。”他们写作的设想是,“来自不同背景和职业的读者,在掌握这些基本原理以后,都可以成为更好的策略家。”
所谓“经济学是一门科学,经济学的运用是一种艺术”,就是这个意思,他们还很好地说明了“这门科学”与“这种艺术”的关系。
迪克西特和奈尔巴夫还告诫我们,许多“数学博弈论学者”倾向于认为,一个博弈的结果完全取决于与博弈相关的各种抽象的数学事实——参与者人数、可供每个参与者选择的策略的数目、以及与所有参与者的策略选择相联系的每个参与者之博弈所得。他们说:“我们不这样看。我们认为由社会中相互影响的人们参与的博弈的结果,理应也取决于博弈的社会因素和心理因素。”
这本书已经在机械工业出版社华章分社翻译出版了,很可惜书名改为颇为庸俗的《妙趣横生博弈论》。
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2011-4-14 10:45:46
Barry Nalebuff, co-author of CO-OPETITION
            

Barry Nalebuff, the Milton Steinbach Professor at Yale School of Management, is co-author with Adam Brandenburger of CO-OPETITION. His first book, THINKING STRATEGICALLY: The Competitive Edge in Business, Politics, and Everyday Life, written with Avinash Dixit, is a popular business school text. It has been translated into seven languages and was a bestseller in Japan. A consultant, as well as a scholar, Nalebuff applies Game Theory to his work with Fortune 500 clients and in antitrust litigation. He has advised American Express, Bell Atlantic, Citibank, Corning, General Re, Merck, and Procter & Gamble, among others. Nalebuff has worked with McKinsey & Co. to help bring game theory into their consulting practice and with the Federal Communications Commission in the design of the Personal Communication Spectrum Auction and then with the Bell Atlantic-Nynex-Airtouch-US West consortium as their bidding consultant. He serves as a director of Bear Stearns Financial Products and the Connecticut Citizenship Fund.

At Yale, Nalebuff teaches a wide variety of courses. At the management school, he teaches competitive (and cooperative) strategy, mergers and acquisitions, political-economic marketing and game theory and decision-making. He also teaches a course in negotiation strategy at Yale's law school and an undergraduate course on political theory in the Ethics, Politics, and Economics program. Actively involved in the Yale community, Nalebuff wrestles with budget deficits, ever-rising tuition, and faculty hiring and promotions as a member of the university budget committee and the management school's appointment committee. Prior to Yale, Nalebuff was an assistant professor at Princeton University (1985-89) and a junior fellow of the Society of Fellows at Harvard University (1982-85).

His interest in economics and game theory began with his undergraduate work at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1980 with degrees in Economics and Mathematics. A Rhodes Scholarship took him to Oxford University where, two years later, he received a doctorate in economics and the George Webb Medley thesis prize. The Harvard Society of Fellows brought Nalebuff back to the United States. This award, given to eight people a year, across all fields from archaeology to zoology, funds the recipients to pursue any interests for three years. ("The only requirement," he says, "was to turn up every Monday night for dinner with the other Fellows. Only now, in retrospect, do I realize the value of those three years without any teaching responsibilities.")

After Harvard, Nalebuff moved to Princeton University to work with Joseph Stiglitz. At Princeton, he was awarded an Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship, a Bicentennial Preceptorship, and three National Science Foundation awards. In his spare time, he wrote a puzzles column for the Journal of Economic Perspectives.

In addition to his books, Nalebuff writes extensively on the application of game theory to business and politics. He has written dozens of academic papers, as well as the lead article in the July- August 1995 issue of the Harvard Business Review "The Right Game: Using Game Theory to Shape Strategy," written with Adam Brandenburger. He is also an associate editor of the Journal of Economic Perspectives, the Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, the Journal of Conflict Resolution, and was previously an associate editor of the leading politics journal, World Politics. His op-ed pieces have appeared in The New York Times, the International Herald Tribune, and the Washington Post. One such piece in October 1991, applied game theory to politics to argue that a Clinton-Gore ticket was the Democrat's best strategy to beat Bush. Frequently quoted in magazines and newspapers on business strategy, Nalebuff was featured in a Forbes magazine cover story on Game Theory.

Nalebuff lectures and gives executive forums and training programs throughout the U.S., as well as internationally, designed to teach people how to think strategically. He began his public speaking career early when, while still in high school, he surreptitiously won Yale's sophomore oratory contest, much to the consternation of one particular Yale professor. "After that experience, a Yale degree wasn't an option, although Yale finally let me in as a professor," says Nalebuff.

An avid squash player, Nalebuff says, "One of the greatest features of MIT was that I could play Varsity squash. Alas, that might not have happened elsewhere." At MIT, he also learned to ride a unicycle. "It's amazing, but just like a bicycle, you don't forget how." He also began playing the oriental game of "Go" at MIT, where he became head of the "Go" Club-"an honor given to the worst player." More seriously, he confides, "MIT had the world's greatest economics department and I had the great privilege to learn from such luminary professors as Robert Solow, Paul Samuelson, and Jerry Hausman."

Born in the Boston area, Nalebuff lives in New Haven, CT with his wife, Helen Kauder, and their two children. Barry met Helen at his MIT dorm when she was a freshman and he was a junior. They've been together ever since, except for extended periods of time when their various educational and career pursuits put them in different cities-or even on different continents.

Helen, who for 12 years handled relationships with Asia for Citibank, just joined Yale University as Director of Licensing. Tri-lingual, speaking Chinese and French as well as English, she has passed her skills on to their daughters Rachel and Zoë. "As a result," says Nalebuff, "I'm learning Mandarin from my kids."
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2011-4-14 10:53:06
感谢分享。。。1# dongjinpeng
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2012-4-3 13:29:05
赞!
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