摘要翻译：
这本书建议将知识从软件中分离出来，使之成为一种商品，即所谓的知识软件。讨论了Knowware的体系结构、表示和功能。提出并分析了knowware工程的原理及其三种生命周期模型：炉膛模型、结晶模型和螺旋模型。介绍了软件/知识软件协同工程技术。将知识替换为knowware的软件组件称为mixware。介绍了一种面向对象和组件的mixware开发方案。特别地，提出并讨论了混合器开发的塔式模型和梯式模型。最后介绍了基于知识的Web服务和基于知识的Web服务，并与Web服务进行了比较。总而言之，知识软件、软件和硬件应该被认为是IT产业的三个同等重要的基础。鲁如谦，数学与系统科学研究院数学研究所计算机系教授。他是中国科学院院士。他的研究方向包括人工智能、知识工程和基于知识的软件工程。发表论文100余篇，出版著作10部。曾获中央研究院一等奖2项，科技部二等奖1项。他还获得了第六届华鲁庚数学奖。
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英文标题：
《Knowware: the third star after Hardware and Software》
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作者：
Ruqian Lu
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最新提交年份：
2007
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分类信息：

一级分类：Computer Science        计算机科学
二级分类：Software Engineering        软件工程
分类描述：Covers design tools, software metrics, testing and debugging, programming environments, etc. Roughly includes material in all of ACM Subject Classes D.2, except that D.2.4 (program verification) should probably have Logics in Computer Science as the primary subject area.
涵盖设计工具、软件度量、测试和调试、编程环境等。大致包括ACM所有主题课程D.2的材料，除了D.2.4（程序验证）可能应该有计算机科学中的逻辑作为主要主题领域。
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一级分类：Computer Science        计算机科学
二级分类：Artificial Intelligence        人工智能
分类描述：Covers all areas of AI except Vision, Robotics, Machine Learning, Multiagent Systems, and Computation and Language (Natural Language Processing), which have separate subject areas. In particular, includes Expert Systems, Theorem Proving (although this may overlap with Logic in Computer Science), Knowledge Representation, Planning, and Uncertainty in AI. Roughly includes material in ACM Subject Classes I.2.0, I.2.1, I.2.3, I.2.4, I.2.8, and I.2.11.
涵盖了人工智能的所有领域，除了视觉、机器人、机器学习、多智能体系统以及计算和语言（自然语言处理），这些领域有独立的学科领域。特别地，包括专家系统，定理证明（尽管这可能与计算机科学中的逻辑重叠），知识表示，规划，和人工智能中的不确定性。大致包括ACM学科类I.2.0、I.2.1、I.2.3、I.2.4、I.2.8和I.2.11中的材料。
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一级分类：Computer Science        计算机科学
二级分类：Computers and Society        计算机与社会
分类描述：Covers impact of computers on society, computer ethics, information technology and public policy, legal aspects of computing, computers and education. Roughly includes material in ACM Subject Classes K.0, K.2, K.3, K.4, K.5, and K.7.
涵盖计算机对社会的影响、计算机伦理、信息技术和公共政策、计算机的法律方面、计算机和教育。大致包括ACM学科类K.0、K.2、K.3、K.4、K.5和K.7中的材料。
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英文摘要：
  This book proposes to separate knowledge from software and to make it a commodity that is called knowware. The architecture, representation and function of Knowware are discussed. The principles of knowware engineering and its three life cycle models: furnace model, crystallization model and spiral model are proposed and analyzed. Techniques of software/knowware co-engineering are introduced. A software component whose knowledge is replaced by knowware is called mixware. An object and component oriented development schema of mixware is introduced. In particular, the tower model and ladder model for mixware development are proposed and discussed. Finally, knowledge service and knowware based Web service are introduced and compared with Web service. In summary, knowware, software and hardware should be considered as three equally important underpinnings of IT industry.   Ruqian Lu is a professor of computer science of the Institute of Mathematics, Academy of Mathematics and System Sciences. He is a fellow of Chinese Academy of Sciences. His research interests include artificial intelligence, knowledge engineering and knowledge based software engineering. He has published more than 100 papers and 10 books. He has won two first class awards from the Academia Sinica and a National second class prize from the Ministry of Science and Technology. He has also won the sixth Hua Loo-keng Mathematics Prize.
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PDF链接：
https://arxiv.org/pdf/0711.4309