摘要翻译：
什么是动机，它是如何工作的？目标从何而来，它们在物种和个体内部和个体之间是如何变化的？为什么我们偏爱一些东西而不是其他的？MEDO是一个理论框架，可以用抽象的术语来理解这些问题，也可以生成和评估试图解释目标导向行为的具体假设。MEDO认为偏好是影响特定结果可能性的选择性压力。就生物有机体而言，这些模式在形成系统进化过程中必须竞争和合作。在某种程度上，塑造过程本身是由经验改变的，这使得反馈关系成为可能，奖励和惩罚的历史可以影响未来的动机。通过这种方式，各种偏见可以被放大或减弱，从而产生不同程度的跨时间和跨情境稳定性的偏好和行为取向。MEDO特别地根据在多个层次上运作的自然选择来模拟所有形成动力学--遗传、神经和文化--甚至认为发展的各个方面本身就是进化过程。因此，米多反映了一种广义的达尔文主义，因为它假定自然选择提供了一个共同的原则来理解在复制、变异和选择发生的所有动力系统中复杂性的出现。然而，梅多将这种进化的观点与经济决策理论相结合，经济决策理论描述了个体选择背后的偏好，以及工程师在设计优化系统时做出的选择背后的偏好。通过这种方式，MEDO使用经济决策理论来描述目标导向的行为以及它们产生的相互作用的进化优化过程。（请注意：本稿于2012年撰写定稿。）
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英文标题：
《Multilevel evolutionary developmental optimization (MEDO): A theoretical
  framework for understanding preferences and selection dynamics》
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作者：
Adam Safron
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最新提交年份：
2019
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分类信息：

一级分类：Quantitative Biology        数量生物学
二级分类：Neurons and Cognition        神经元与认知
分类描述：Synapse, cortex, neuronal dynamics, neural network, sensorimotor control, behavior, attention
突触，皮层，神经元动力学，神经网络，感觉运动控制，行为，注意
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一级分类：Economics        经济学
二级分类：General Economics        一般经济学
分类描述：General methodological, applied, and empirical contributions to economics.
对经济学的一般方法、应用和经验贡献。
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一级分类：Quantitative Finance        数量金融学
二级分类：Economics        经济学
分类描述：q-fin.EC is an alias for econ.GN. Economics, including micro and macro economics, international economics, theory of the firm, labor economics, and other economic topics outside finance
q-fin.ec是econ.gn的别名。经济学，包括微观和宏观经济学、国际经济学、企业理论、劳动经济学和其他金融以外的经济专题
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英文摘要：
  What is motivation and how does it work? Where do goals come from and how do they vary within and between species and individuals? Why do we prefer some things over others? MEDO is a theoretical framework for understanding these questions in abstract terms, as well as for generating and evaluating specific hypotheses that seek to explain goal-oriented behavior. MEDO views preferences as selective pressures influencing the likelihood of particular outcomes. With respect to biological organisms, these patterns must compete and cooperate in shaping system evolution. To the extent that shaping processes are themselves altered by experience, this enables feedback relationships where histories of reward and punishment can impact future motivation. In this way, various biases can undergo either amplification or attenuation, resulting in preferences and behavioral orientations of varying degrees of inter-temporal and inter-situational stability. MEDO specifically models all shaping dynamics in terms of natural selection operating on multiple levels--genetic, neural, and cultural--and even considers aspects of development to themselves be evolutionary processes. Thus, MEDO reflects a kind of generalized Darwinism, in that it assumes that natural selection provides a common principle for understanding the emergence of complexity within all dynamical systems in which replication, variation, and selection occur. However, MEDO combines this evolutionary perspective with economic decision theory, which describes both the preferences underlying individual choices, as well as the preferences underlying choices made by engineers in designing optimized systems. In this way, MEDO uses economic decision theory to describe goal-oriented behaviors as well as the interacting evolutionary optimization processes from which they emerge. (Please note: this manuscript was written and finalized in 2012.)
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PDF链接：
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1910.13443