Abel's test is an important tool for handling semi-convergent series. If a series has the form
where the partial sums
BN =
b0 + ··· +
bn are bounded,
λn has bounded variation, and lim λ
n Bn exists:
then the series ∑
an is convergent. This applies to the pointwise convergence of many trigonometric series, as in
with 0 <
x < 2π. Abel's method consists in writing
bn+1 =
Bn+1 −
Bn, and in performing a transformation similar to
integration by parts (called
summation by parts), that relates the given series ∑
an to the absolutely convergent series
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