英文文献：Export costs of visa restrictions-签证限制的出口成本
英文文献作者：Natalia Kapelko,Natalya Volchkova
英文文献摘要：
The paper studies the role visa restrictions play in determining export flows between Russian firms and their partners and explores the mechanism of this relationship. The specification of empirical model is derived from a heterogeneous firms’ model of trade. The existing visa restrictions are used as proxies for the costs the exporters incur while dealing with customers abroad. The results indicate that visas have a negative market access effect. Controlling for the choice of destination, visas have a significant negative effect on the value of relationship-specific exports as well. These results are consistent with informational and contractual nature of visa costs.

本文研究了签证限制在决定俄罗斯企业与合作伙伴之间出口流动中的作用，并探讨了这种关系的机制。实证模型的规范来自于异质企业的贸易模型。现有的签证限制被用来代替出口商在与国外客户打交道时所产生的成本。结果表明，签证对市场准入有负向影响。控制目的地的选择，签证对特定关系出口的价值也有显著的负面影响。这些结果与签证费用的信息和合同性质一致。