内容精彩，都是矢量文字，方便翻译学习；都是上百页的大型资料，而且非常新，都是近两年新出的内容，极具参考价值Step into the future of business with this essential guide to the digital economy, where network effects and data-driven strategies are rewriting the rules of success for industry leaders. This textresource comprehensively explores network economics, focusing on digital platforms and ecosystems. It delves into the fundamental principles of network effects, where the value of a service increases as more people use it and examines various pricing models essential in networkbased businesses. Governance is another critical aspect, emphasizing the importance of establishing trust and reliable management practices within digital platforms. By the end of this resource, you will feel confident in your understanding of these complex topics. The resource highlights the pivotal role of data in the network economy and keeps you abreast of the latest trends in the network and platform economy. It showcases how these trends, such as the increasing influence of data and network effects, are shaping the future and significantly influencing the present landscape. Key examples include industry giants like Google, Amazon, Faceresource, Uber, and Airbnb, which are at the forefront of leveraging network effects and data to dominate their respective markets. This resource lets you feel informed and ready to navigate these trends. Designed for students and professionals alike, this textresource combines theoretical foundations with practical insights, making it a valuable resource for understanding the dynamic world of digital platforms. Whether you are studying economics, business, or technology, this resource provides the knowledge and tools needed to navigate and succeed in the evolving digital economy
The idea for this resource goes back to a lecture on competition policy I gave at Andrássy University in Budapest, in the 2021 spring term. Originally, I had planned to “simply add” a chapter on digitalisation at the end of the semester. “Simply add”—of course… It soon became clear that many aspects had to be taken into account in order to be able to describe the problems in a reasonably adequate way and to present them meaningfully. Moreover, the scope of the changes everywhere also extended beyond the narrow topic of the lecture. So, without further ado, I decided to approach the problem from a more general perspective and resorted to Eucken’s principles as a heuristic structure. Each principle seemed challenged by digitalisation. I then developed this approach further in seminars and lectures with the students, partly in the context of my courses at Andrássy University, Budapest, and also in my courses at the Budapest University of Technology and Economics. I owe a lot to the lively discussions with students at both universities and have received valuable inspiration and suggestions from them. I especially remember the fruitful discussions with Patrícia Kalafut, Xinzhi Zhong, Derique Mikhail Cidro Casio, and of course the discourse about various online platforms with Ákos Vörös and Dinara Sungatullina. Likewise, I am very grateful for the support of my dear colleagues. First and foremost Dietmar Meyer, with whom I had the opportunity to discuss the initial versions of each chapter in a very lively manner. I learned a lot, especially how little I know. I am also very grateful to Stefan Okruch for his help and, as always, constructive criticism. I would like to thank also my much esteemed colleague Tim Alexander Herberger for his support. I would also like to take this opportunity to thank my research assistants. To Katharina Wilke for her preliminary research, which ultimately encouraged me to enter the project, and especially to Karin Widmann for her thorough work, input and, above all, her very clear and valid criticism during the creation of this volume. She has particularly encouraged me to keep the resource in a tone that is understandable and is easy to follow, especially for interested students. Last but not least I would like to thank Andrew Mile for the proof-reading and his kind help. Since I had to write this resource within half a year alongside other commitments, its completion meant not only a whole series of night shifts but also my unavailability for v
Part I Theoretical Outline
1 Introduction .. 3
1.1 The Impact of Digitalisation ..... 3
1.2 The Task for Economic Policy .... 4
1.3 The Approach of This resource ...... 5
1.4 Heuristical Access 8
1.5 Chapter Structure . 10
References .... 11
2 The Digital Transformation as a Starting Point ...... 13
2.1 Basic Distinctions 13
2.1.1 Preliminary Considerations 13
2.1.2 Technical Aspects . 16
2.1.3 Drivers of Transformation . 18
2.1.4 Connectivity ..... 21
2.2 Social Relevance as a Challenge for Economic Policy ..... 22
2.2.1 The Novel Character of Change ... 22
2.2.2 The Technical Character of the Economy .. 24
2.2.3 Normativity of Economic Policy .. 25
References .... 26
3 The Approach of the Freiburg School and Why It is Particularly
Useful Now ... 29
3.1 Background ..... 29
3.2 “Ordnungsökonomik”—“Ordnungspolitik”: About
the Concept in a Narrower Sense . 30
3.2.1 Origin .... 30
3.2.2 Main Arguments .. 31
3.2.3 Rules and Openness ...... 33
3.3 Eucken’s Principles in the Light of Digitalisation:
Recombinations and Additions ... 34
3.3.1 Constitutive Principles .... 35
3.3.2 Regulative Principles ..... 38
3.3.3 Additional Perspectives ... 39
References .... 40
Part II An Order Challenged
4 A Functioning Price System .. 45
4.1 The Centrepiece Principle 45
4.1.1 Prerequisites, References and Complements ...... 45
4.1.2 Prices and Economic Coordination 47
4.1.3 Where Digitalisation Comes in .... 50
4.2 Prices Under the Conditions of Digitalisation ..... 51
4.2.1 Effects of Transparency ... 51
4.2.2 Prices, Knowledge and Data ...... 54
4.2.3 Blame the Algorithm! .... 57
4.3 Conclusions ..... 59
4.3.1 Two Sides of the Same Coin: Normativity
and Economic Law 60
4.3.2 Increasing Dynamics and Change . 61
4.3.3 Consequences for Economic Policy 63
References .... 65
5 Primacy of Monetary Policy .. 69
5.1 Basic Considerations ..... 69
5.1.1 The Claim for Stable Money ...... 70
5.1.2 Monetary Systems 71
5.2 The Role of Money in the Economy ...... 72
5.2.1 Money Functions and Their Prerequisites .. 72
5.2.2 Monetary Systems: What Questions Arise
in the Digital Age . 76
5.3 Inflation .. 79
5.3.1 Disentangling Stability Targets .... 79
5.3.2 Channels of Impact 81
5.4 Digital Currencies 83
5.4.1 Background ...... 84
5.4.2 Some General Characteristics and Technical Aspects ...... 85
5.4.3 Are Cryptocurrencies Money at All? ...... 89
5.4.4 Impact on the Monetary System ... 92
5.4.5 About the Idea of Central Bank Digital Currencies . 93
5.5 Conclusions ..... 98
5.5.1 Crowding-Out Opportunities ...... 99
5.5.2 Unbundled Competition ... 100
5.5.3 Who Will Guard the Guards Themselves? . 102
resource Organization First part of the resource discusses the broad global economic and technological contexts for development practice and the evolving role of aid agencies, particularly the World Bank. It outlines my motivations to write a resource on digital transformation informed by my practice and learning journey. It is about how my experience shaped my tools and frameworks and vice versa. It looks at the lessons I learnt as a development practitioner through the lens of my personal transformation. From projects in Jakarta and Jerusalem to strategic planning at the Bank; from engagements with national governments on designing and implementing digital transformation strategies to advocating digitally-enabled development globally. My work in the nascent field of digital transformation has taken me through periods of exploration, learning, fulfillment, and growth, but also fear and frustration, bordering on cynicism. It was often difficult to stay focused on addressing urgent client needs in line with my ideals and values while working with weak and often corrupt governments and dealing with the limitations of global aid agencies. I reflect upon what motivated me to write this resource in light of the many challenges facing humanity today: from climate change to growing inequality. I look at the shift in modern development thinking and the evolution of the World Bank. I also share my experiences as I served in various roles and contexts at the Bank and grew my understanding of the actual and potential roles of digital technologies in development. I recall my work in Indonesia and Palestine-Israel that helped me appreciate the demand side of information technologies and drove me to focus on improving the Bank’s practice in technical assistance, institutional development, technology and knowledge transfer. Appointments in the Bank’s corporate strategy and performance evaluation functions helped me understand the inner workings of complex aid organizations like the Bank and their rich interactions with country stakeholders. I analyzed best practices to determine how strategic planning should shift from rigid documentation and routine transactions to strategic thinking and agile, adaptive and communication-intensive processes. As a close observer and participant in institutionalizing managerial systems, I came to appreciate the factors influencing the Bank’s strategic behavior and limiting aid effectiveness. This informed my search for ways to integrate digital transformation into economic development strategies. Remaining part of this resource discusses the critical barriers to institutional learning and the need for aid organizations to reinvent their services through the use of digital technologies—if they are to keep up with the pace of technological change and stay relevant to their clients. 1 trace the Bank’s response to the digital revolution starting from the late 1980s, when it was learning to use digital technologies internally while striving to become a knowledge bank. Would the Bank support client countries in rolling out new technologies, building communications infrastructures, and investing in information resources for sustainable development? What factors were influential in recognizing and responding to country needs and demands for digital development assistance? Back then I advocated a proactive approach to apply digital technologies across sectors in Bank-funded development projects. Building ICT assistance competencies would be critical to the Bank’s future relevance and the quality of its portfolio across all economic sectors. Has the World Bank, a premier development agency with over $100 billion in annual lending, lived up to expectations of global leadership in digital development assistance? What factors have determined the success of digital investments in the context of various developing countries? How can aid agencies retool and up their game to help client countries master digital transformation? I assess formal World Bank corporate strategies for digital transformation practice. Did these strategies address the foundations necessary for building vibrant digital transformation ecosystems? Did they cover strategic applications in key economic sectors? Were they owned by the operating regions within the Bank? Were they seriously followed, monitored, and evaluated? Have aid agencies practice what they preach? I touch upon several advocacy initiatives I engaged in since leaving the Bank in 2005. I continued to advise Bank colleagues and managers on the future of digital development assistance. I also contributed to the formation of advocacy forums beyond the Bank. These included building digital INTRODUCTION xi leadership capacity through creating an e-leadership academy; joining the Wits University of South Africa as visiting professor; contributing to various fora and think tanks; publishing resources and articles; and serving on editorial boards. An enduring aim of my post-Bank advisory work remains to advocate for reforming development assistance to address the imperatives of the digital age. This resource is an attempt to influence policy makers and practitioners through advocating lessons learnt—the hard way. In a concluding chapter, I explore the key factors that have delayed the Bank’s and other aid agencies’ response to today’s fast-changing technological environment. I recommend four key elements of a strategy to accelerate institutional learning: strengthening corporate leadership and strategy for digital transformation; mobilizing staff and other resources for the digital future; nurturing a learning and innovation culture; and promoting cross-sector collaboration within and among international aid agencies and country stakeholders.
CONTENTS
FOREWORD ...... i
PREFACE .... ii
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS .. iii
CHAPTER 1 A LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE PHOTOVOLTAIC SUBSIDY UNDER THE
WTO TRADE REGIME .. 1
Kailun Zheng
INTRODUCTION ... 1
PV AND RENEWABLE ENERGY SUBSIDIES UNDER THE UMBRELLA OF THE WTO 2
EU Renewable Energy Policies ... 4
THE INTERSECTION OF TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION AND THE WTO SUBSIDY 10
Technology Subsidies in WTO Large Aircraft Cases ..... 13
THE DEFICIENCIES IN THE TECHNOLOGY SUBSIDY RULES ... 16
The Difficulty In Calculating Research Benefits ..... 18
LOOKING FORWARD . 18
CONCLUSION . 19
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ..... 20
CONFLICT OF INTEREST 20
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .... 20
REFERENCES . 20
CHAPTER 2 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: THE EXPERIENCES OF CHINA,
JAPAN AND BHUTAN A COMPARATIVE APPROACH 22
Federica Monti
INTRODUCTION ... 23
The Origin And The Development Of CSR: A Brief Overview .. 24
CULTURAL VARIABLES AS THE MAJOR DISCRIMINATING FACTOR . 27
DIMENSIONS OF CSR IN EASTERN AND SOUTHERN ASIA COUNTRIES: CHINA,
JAPAN, AND BHUTAN 30
Corporate Social Responsibility in the People’s Republic of China ... 31
The Influence Of Confucianism And Other Socio-political And Philosophicalreligious Movements ... 31
A CSR with Chinese Characteristics 33
Japanese CSR and the “Reverse Effect Of Thinking Kaizen”. A Brief Analysis Of The Most
Common Japanese Business Terms .... 42
The Kingdom of Bhutan 48
GNH & CSR: Is There Any Common Ground? .... 52
THE INTERNATIONAL AND EUROPEAN TENDENCY, THROUGH SHARED CSR
DEFINITIONS: A MACRO OVERVIEW ..... 54
CONCLUDING REMARKS 57
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ..... 60
CONFLICT OF INTEREST 60
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .... 60
REFERENCES . 60
CHAPTER 3 AI, CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND SUSTAINABILITY ... 65
Laura Marchegiani
INTRODUCTION ... 66
MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS AND AI 69
RETHINKING CORPORATE PURPOSE: WHAT A ROLE FOR AI? ...... 75
ANCILLARY ALGORITHMS: DIGITAL CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND
DIRECTORS’ LIABILITY .. 78
CONCLUSION . 83
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATON 83
CONFLICT OF INTEREST 84
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .... 84
REFERENCES . 84
CHAPTER 4 THE GLOBAL COMPETITION FOR ISSUING CENTRAL BANK DIGITAL
CURRENCY (‘CBDC’) AND THE DESIGN OF ITS REGULATORY FRAMEWORK - A
REVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CBDCS IN CHINA . 89
Qi Lu and Xiya Ye
INTRODUCTION ... 89
THE REASONS FOR ISSUANCE OF A CBDC, CONCEPT CLARIFICATION, AND
POSSIBLE MODELS .... 90
The Necessity And Merits Of Issuing A CBDC ...... 90
Definition of CBDC – with Comparison to Other Digital Currencies . 92
Possible Models of CBDC .... 94
THE CHINESE CBDC—DCEP .. 95
Elements And Models Of The Chinese CBDC In Testing .... 95
Synthesis Of Account-Based And Token-Based Two-Tier System .... 95
‘One Currency, Two Vaults, Three Centres’ . 97
Remuneration Or Not? 98
Other Features Of The DCEP ... 99
Challenges That The DCEP May Encounter .... 100
Paradoxes Between The Narrow Banking Issue And Facilitation Of DCEP’s Wide
Use ... 100
Possible Responses to the Challenges – Differentiated Treatment for Different Types of
Digital Wallets . 106
CONCLUSION . 109
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ..... 110
CONFLICT OF INTEREST 110
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .... 110
REFERENCES . 110
CHAPTER 5 REFINEMENT OF COMMERCIAL MEDIATION SYSTEMS IN THE
GREATER BAY AREA: FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF HONG KONG’S EXPERIENCE
AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE MAINLAND .... 113
Hui Chen
INTRODUCTION ... 114
RESEARCH SCOPE OF COMMERCIAL MEDIATION 115
COMMERCIAL MEDIATION SYSTEMS IN THE MAINLAND AND HONG KONG ...... 116
Development of Mediation in China ... 116
The Mediation System in Hong Kong 119
EMERGING PROBLEMS IN PROMOTING COMMERCIAL MEDIATION IN THE GBA 120
The Principle of Voluntariness in Mediation .... 120
The Principle of Confidentiality of Mediation .. 121
Enforceability of Mediated Settlement Agreements 122
Capacity Building of Mediators ... 124
THE HONG KONG EXPERIENCE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE REFINEMENT OF
GBA MEDIATION SYSTEM ..... 125
Voluntariness and Self-Determination of Mediation Activities ... 127
Confidentiality Rules in Mediation ..... 128
Enforceability of Mediated Settlement Agreements 130
Uniform Accreditation Standards and Organization 132
CONCLUSION . 133
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ..... 134
CONFLICT OF INTEREST 134
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .... 134
REFERENCES . 134
CHAPTER 6 A DIVERSIFIED DISPUTE RESOLUTION MECHANISM FOR SETTLING
INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL DISPUTES IN CHINA .. 138
Jie Zheng and Li Chen
INTRODUCTION: THE DESIGN OF THE DDRM AND ITS BACKGROUND .... 139
THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE CICC IN CHINA UNDER THE BELT-AND-ROAD
INITIATIVE ..... 140
Jurisdiction of the CICC 141
Enhanced Expertise in Adjudicating Foreign-Related Commercial Disputes ... 142
Streamlined Procedural Reforms and Advanced Evidentiary Rules ... 143
The One-step International Commercial DDSM Platform .... 144
RECENT ARBITRATION REFORMS IN CHINA IN SHANGHAI FTZS 146
Nationality of Foreign Administered Awards Seated in China .... 147
Validity of Arbitration Agreements with the Designation of Foreign Arbitration Institutions 150
Capacity Building of Mediators ... 151
The Need for a Thorough Breakthrough in the Amendment of the Arbitration Law of the
PRC .... 153
COMMERCIAL MEDIATION DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA ...... 153
Mediation in China from a Historical Perspective ... 153
People’s Mediation With Chinese Characteristics ...... 153
Judicial Mediation As A Solution To Tackle Case Overload ..... 155
Development of Commercial Mediation in the Shadow of Law .. 156
Institutionalization and the Rise of Commercial Mediation in China ..... 156
Boundaries Between People’s Mediation And Commercial Mediation ... 157
Lack Of Legal Certainty Regarding The Enforceability Of International Mediated
Settlement Agreements 158
CONCLUSION: FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DDRM ..... 160
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION ..... 161
CONFLICT OF INTEREST 161
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .... 161
REFERENCES . 161
SUBJECT INDEX
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