英文文献：Some Implications of GM Food Technology Policies for Sub-Saharan Africa-转基因食品技术政策对撒哈拉以南非洲的一些影响
英文文献作者：Kym Anderson,Lee Ann Jacskon
英文文献摘要：
The first generation of genetically modified (GM) crop varieties sought to increase farmer profitability through cost reductions or higher yields. The next generation of GM food research is focusing also on breeding for attributes of interest to consumers, beginning with ?‘golden rice?’, which has been genetically engineered to contain a higher level of vitamin A and thereby boost the health of unskilled labourers in developing countries. This paper analyses empirically the potential economic effects of adopting both types of innovation in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It does so using the global economy-wide computable general equilibrium model known as GTAP. The results suggest the welfare gains are potentially very large, especially from golden rice, and that ?– contrary to the claims of numerous interests ?– those estimated benefits are diminished only slightly by the presence of the European Union?’s current barriers to imports of GM foods. In particular, if SSA countries impose bans on GM crop imports in an attempt to maintain access to EU markets for non-GM products, the loss to domestic consumers due to that protectionism boost to SSA farmers is far more than the small gain in terms of greater market access to the EU.

第一代转基因作物品种试图通过降低成本或提高产量来增加农民的利润。下一代转基因食品研究也将重点放在培育消费者感兴趣的特性上，首先是一种“黄金水稻”，它经过基因工程处理，含有更高水平的维生素A，从而促进发展中国家非技术劳工的健康。本文实证分析了撒哈拉以南非洲地区采用这两种创新模式的潜在经济效应。它使用了被称为GTAP的全球经济可计算一般均衡模型。结果表明，福利收益可能非常大，特别是从黄金大米，而且——与众多利益集团的主张相反——这些估计的收益仅仅因为欧洲工会对进口转基因食品设置的壁垒而略有减少。特别是,如果撒哈南的非洲国家实施禁止转基因作物进口为了维护为非转基因产品进入欧盟市场,国内消费者的损失由于保护主义推动SSA农民远比小获得更大的市场准入方面,欧盟。