<Trade patterns and global valuchains in East Asia:From trade in goods to trade in tasks>
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文件介绍
目录
ContentsAcknowledgements and Disclaimer 2
Foreword 3Introduction 4
I. From mass demand to global supply chain 8
II. Organization of the global production process 18
III. Infrastructure services in global value chains 28
IV. The evolution of tariff policies 36V. Foreign direct investment 48
VIII. Trade in intermediate goods 78VI. Integrated diversity: The production system and employment in the Asia-US region 58IX. Vertical trade and trade in value added: Towards new measures of international trade 92
VII. An evolutionary perspective on production networks in the Asia-US region 72X. Cross-regional spillover of economic growth: The territorial impactof global manufacturing in China 106XI. Glossary 114XII. Bibliography 116XIII. Abbreviations and symbols 119ANNEX 1: Composition of regions and other economic groupings 120ANNEX 2: Geographical coverage of Chinese regions 123ANNEX 3: The schematic presentation of the IDE-JETRO Asian International Input-Output (AIO) Table 124ANNEX 4: Visualization of supply chains 125ANNEX 5: Other technical notes 127

Foreword

This book is the result of cooperation between IDEJETROand the WTO in analysing a fundamentalchange that has been taking place in the structure ofinternational trade. This change is referred to in variousways: vertical specialization, production sharing, trade intasks, or supply chain trade, to cite just a few. What theseall indicate is that much of trade these days comprisescomponents or intermediate goods and services thatpass from economy to economy before becoming part ofa final traded product.This change has many implications for the way weunderstand trade policy. The distinction between “them”and “us” that has traditionally defined our way of thinkingabout imports and exports is increasingly outmoded.Products are no longer “made in Japan”, or “made inFrance”; they are truly “made in the world”. This newreality has profound implications on several counts. Inparticular, it redefines the nature of trade relations that arenow characterized by a much closer inter-relationship.In order to understand fully the true nature of these newtrading interactions, and the actual contribution of tradeto national economies, we need to promote a conceptualand statistical shift in the way trade is most commonlyperceived in policy debates. The present research buildson complementary programmes developed separately atIDE-JETRO, with the construction of international inputoutputmatrices, and at WTO, with the measurement oftrade in value added. By combining the expertise anddata available in both organizations, this book illustrateshow the conjunction of technical, institutional and politicalchanges in East Asia in the past 30 years has led to theemergence of new production and trade networks.The report makes it clear that business opportunitiesin developing countries have not only been linked tochanges in the global manufacturing model, spurredby the United States and Japan, but have also beenstimulated by governments in developing countries.These governments have invested massively to providethe necessary transportation and telecommunicationinfrastructure, while facilitating trade through variousinstitutional and administrative improvements. The Asiansuccess story was the result of a close partnershipbetween private and public sectors, the latter facilitatingthe work of the former. Building these industrialrelationships also paved the way for the emergence ofdeeper regional integration.Besides analysing the new trading relations frominternational and regional perspectives, the book alsoprovides interesting findings on the impact of internationaltrade on domestic economies. The role of trade ingenerating employment opportunities is reviewed, andshows, using the emblematic case of China, how anexport-led development strategy, initially focused on afew industrial coastal zones, was able to progressivelyinclude the rest of the economy.East Asia has been at the heart of the new model governingglobal manufacturing and international trade. It providesa natural case study to explore the contours of this newterritory. But the relevance of the study transcends theregional dimension, and we hope that analysts and policymakers from other regions, especially in the developingworld, will read these results with interest and adaptthem to their own national and regional contexts.