10论坛币，请大家帮忙翻译几个英语！！    谢谢大家！！
   Tier 1 Risk Adjusted Capital Ratio
MB = Market Value of Equity/ Book Value of Equity
Market-to-book

Slack = Cash and marketable securities/Total Assets

Stulz (1996, 2003) argues that any potential value creation role for riskmanagement is in the reduction or elimination of “costly lower-tail outcomes.”                  costly lower-tail outcomes  是什么意思啊？