英文文献：Does Licensing Induce Technological Spillovers to Domestic Firms?-许可证会对国内企业产生技术溢出效应吗?
英文文献作者：Luis Castro
英文文献摘要：
Productivity differences can explain differences in economic growth across countries.It has been demonstrated that the presence of a foreign-owned multinational enterprise (MNE) in a developing country is one of the most important methods through which technology transfer occurs. This presence could be in the form of foreign direct investment (FDI), licensing, or imports from the developing country. However, it is still unclear by what means and how effectively each type of foreign presence affects domestic productivity. In this aper, I study licensing as one of the channels through which foreign technology is transferred to domestic plants. This technology transfer can occur in one industry and also in related industries, which results in technology spillovers that can affect both intra- and inter-industry productivity. Moreover, the institutional framework of the country can affect the type of foreign presence adopted by MNEs in the host country. Therefore, it is important to analyze the effect of a change in the institutional framework on technology spillovers. This can be achieved by analyzing a set of new and stronger intellectual property rights (IPR). Using Chilean firm level data for the 2001–2007 period I find that there are positive inter-industry spillover effects when licensing occurs in downstream sectors which result in higher productivity for domestic plants in upstream sectors (backward spillovers). When evaluating the effect of the IPR measure, I find that stronger IPR measures decrease the backward spillover effect. I also find that the change in policy has a stronger effect on firms that are, on average, smaller and have low productivity. Moreover, there is a crowding-out effect between licensing and FDI since, with better IPR, MNEs prefer doing licensing than incurring higher costs of FDI. This is consistent with the literature arguing that licensing becomes the preferred mode of technology transfer, replacing FDI, once a certain threshold of IPR is reached.

生产率的差异可以解释各国经济增长的差异。事实证明，一个发展中国家的外国拥有的多国企业(MNE)是发生技术转让的最重要方法之一。这种存在的形式可以是外国直接投资、许可证或从发展中国家进口。然而，目前仍不清楚每种外国存在以何种方式以及如何有效地影响国内生产率。在这篇文章中，我研究了许可作为国外技术转移到国内工厂的渠道之一。这种技术转移既可能发生在一个行业，也可能发生在相关行业，从而导致技术溢出，从而影响行业内和行业间的生产率。此外，该国的制度框架可以影响跨国公司在东道国采用的外国存在的类型。因此，分析制度框架变化对技术溢出的影响具有重要意义。这可以通过分析一套新的更强大的知识产权(IPR)来实现。利用智利2001-2007年期间的企业水平数据，我发现，当下游部门的许可证发放产生了积极的行业间溢出效应，从而提高了上游部门的国内工厂的生产率(后溢出效应)。在评估知识产权措施的效果时，我发现较强的知识产权措施降低了后向溢出效应。我还发现，政策的改变对一般来说规模较小、生产率较低的公司有更强的影响。此外，由于知识产权较好，跨国公司更愿意进行许可，而不愿承担更高的外国直接投资成本，因此许可与FDI之间存在一种挤出效应。这与文献中认为一旦达到一定的知识产权门槛，许可证就取代外国直接投资成为技术转让的首选方式的观点是一致的。