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2007-11-09
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">读博士的经验,感觉还不错,大家过来看看</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><br/><br/><font face="Times New Roman">1. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">先看综述,后看论著</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">看综述搞清概念,看论著掌握方法</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>2. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">早动手</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在师兄师姐离开之前学会关键技术</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>3. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">多数文章看摘要,少数文章看全文</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">掌握了一点查全文的技巧,往往会以搞到全文为乐,以至于没有时间看文章的内容,更不屑于看摘要。真正有用的全文并不多,过分追求全文是浪费,不可走极端。当然只看摘要也是不对的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>4. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">集中时间看文献</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">看过总会遗忘。看文献的时间越分散,浪费时间越多。集中时间看更容易联系起来,形成整体印象。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>5. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">做好记录和标记</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">复印或打印的文献,直接用笔标记或批注。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">pdf </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">html </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">格式的文献,可以用编辑器标亮或改变文字颜色。这是避免时间浪费的又一重要手段。否则等于没看。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>6. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">准备引用的文章要亲自看过。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">转引造成的以讹传讹不胜枚举。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>7. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">注意文章的参考价值。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">刊物的影响因子、文章的被引次数能反映文章的参考价值。但要注意引用这篇文章的其它文章是如何评价这篇文章的:支持还是反对,补充还是纠错。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>8. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">交流是最好的老师</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">做实验遇到困难是家常便饭。你的第一反应是什么?反复尝试?放弃?看书?这些做法都有道理,但首先应该想到的是交流。对有身份的人,私下的请教体现你对他的尊重;对同年资的人,公开的讨论可以使大家畅所欲言,而且出言谨慎。千万不能闭门造车。一个实验折腾半年,后来别人告诉你那是死路,岂不冤大头?</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>9. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">最高层次的能力是表达能力</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">再好的工作最终都要靠别人认可。表达能力,体现为写和说的能力,是需要长期培养的素质。比如发现一个罕见病例,写好了发一篇论著;写不好只能发一个病例报道。比如做一个课题,写好了发一篇或数篇论著;写不好只能发一个论著摘要或被枪毙。一张图</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一张表</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">无不是表达能力的体现。寥寥几百上千字的标书,可以赢得大笔基金;虽然关系很重要,但写得太差也不行。有人说,我不学</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">PCR</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,不学</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">spss</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,只要学会</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">ppt</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">powerpoint</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)就可以了。此话有一点道理,实验室的</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">boss </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">们表面上就是靠一串串</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">ppt </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">行走江湖的。经常有研究生因思维敏捷条例清楚而令人肃然起敬。也经常有研究生不理解</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">为什么我做了大部分工作而老板却让另一个没怎么干活的人写了文章?让他去大会发言?</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">你没有看到人家有张口就来的本事吗?</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>10. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">学好英语,不学二外。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如今不论去日本还是欧洲,学术交流早已是英语的天下。你不必为看不懂一篇法语的文章而遗憾,写那篇文章的人正在为没学好英语而犯愁。如果英文尚未精通,暂且不要去学二外。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">英文文章写作</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>1. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">阅读</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">10 </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">篇文献,总结</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">100 </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">个常用句型和常用短语。经常复习。注意,文献作者必须是以英文为母语者,文献内容要与你的专业有关。这属于平时看文献的副产品。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>2. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">找</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">3-5 </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">篇技术路线和统计方法与你的课题接近的文章,精读。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">写出论文的草稿。要按照标题、作者、摘要、背景、目的、材料、方法、结果、讨论、致谢、参考文献、图例、图、表、照片和说明的统一格式来写。这样做的好处是从它可以方便地改成任何杂志的格式。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>3. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">针对论文的每一部分,尤其是某种具体方法、要讨论的某一具体方面,各找</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">5-8 </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">篇文献阅读,充实完善。</span><span style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                        </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">这里讨论的只涉及英文表达,也只推荐给缺乏英文写作经验的人。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>4. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">找到你想投的杂志的稿约,再找</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">2-3 </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">篇该杂志的</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">article</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,按它的格式改写。注</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">意,每次改写都要先另存为不同的文件名,以免出了问题不能恢复。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>5. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">找英文高手改。找不到合适的人,就去找提供英语论文编辑服务</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">(English corr <br/>ection and improvement</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">not translation)</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的公司</span><span style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                        </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,在此向有钱没时间的人强烈推荐。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">文献管理</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>1. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">下载电子版文献时(</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">caj</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">pdf</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">html</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),把文章题目粘贴为文件名。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">注意,文件名不能有特殊符号,要把</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman"> \ / : * ? < > | </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以及</span><span style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                        </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">换行符</span><span style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                        </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">删掉。</span><span style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                        </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">每次</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">按照同样的习惯设置文件名,可以防止重复下载。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>2. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不同主题存入不同文件夹。文件夹的题目要简短,如:</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">PD</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">LTP,PKC</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">NO</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>3. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">看过的文献归入子文件夹,最起码要把有用的和没用的分开。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>4. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重要文献根据重要程度在文件名前加</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">001,002</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">003 </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">编号,然后按名称排列图标,最重要的文献就排在最前了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>5. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">复印或打印的文献,用打孔器(¥</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">10-15</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)打孔,装入硬质文件夹(¥</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">10-20/</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">个)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我们经常会在参考文献的引用上耍一些小聪明,殊不知这些都会降低论文质量。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>1. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">知而不引</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">明明借鉴了同行的类似工作,却故意不引用同行的类似工作,使自己工作看上去</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">新颖</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">""</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">领先</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。实际上审稿的可能就是同行。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>2. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">断章取义</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">故意截取作者试图否定的部分来烘托自己的观点。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>3. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">引而不确</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">没有认真看原文,引文错漏。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>4. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">来源不实</span><span style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                        </font><span lang="EN-US"><br/><br/></span></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">某些字句来源不可靠</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">比如非正式的或非学术的出版物</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,且不注明来源。常见于一些统计数字。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>5. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">盲目自引</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不是为了说明自己的工作与前期工作之间的关系,而是单纯为提高自己文章被引用次数而自引。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">国内文章水平不高的几个原因:</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>1. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">审稿人知识陈旧</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年纪大的审稿人查文献和和上网的能力相当有限,无法核实该研究是否有意义,创新点在那里,方法是否可靠,结果是否可信。但匪夷所思的是他们经常提的审稿意见是</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">参考文献不够新</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>2. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">选错审稿人</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">虽然一般指定两名审稿人,但编辑部经常让不懂分子生物学的人审分子生物学的文章,让不懂统计的人审统计处理比较复杂的文章。出于爱面子,很少有人提出</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我不适合审这篇文章</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>3. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">关系文章</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有了关系,什么都简单了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>4. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不承认阴性结果</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">诚实的阴性结果被认为无意义。怪不得有人大声疾呼</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我要办一本阴性杂志</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>5. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">造假</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">任何人都不愿意成为制度的牺牲品。出不来预期结果就没法交差。为生存计,为按期毕业计,造吧。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">动态的科研</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>1. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">科研靠积累。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">象伦琴发现</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">X </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">射线那样凭借一次简单观察就得诺贝尔奖的机会越来越少。更多的科研成果来自于实验室长期积累。最终实至名归。做科研不要指望一步登天。设计课题不要好高骛远。基金评审也是这样。没有前期积累,获得资助的可能性小。选导师要想好:你是要白手起家,还是要为人作嫁?</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>2. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">文献要追踪。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">开题时通过查文献了解的情况,到结题的时候可能有很大不同。实验过程中要注意追踪。运气好,你可以得到更多的线索;运气不好,发现别人抢先了。据此修正你的实验。写论文之前一定要重新查一遍文献。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>3. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">记录要复习。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">前面的实验记录要经常复习。随着经验的增加和认识的提高,你会发现最初的判断未必正确。</span><span style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                        </font><span lang="EN-US"><br/><br/></span></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我曾经向一些比我有经验的人请教</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">什么是科研</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,他们没有正面回答我,只是给我打了五个比方。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>1. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">科研是流行歌曲</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">什么流行用什么,什么流行做什么。张口生物芯片,闭口纳米技术。老板是追星一族,流行的就是最好的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>2. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">科研是移花接木</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">设计课题?课题怎么是设计出来的呢?是拼出来的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">A </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的材料,</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">B </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的方法,</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">C </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的指标,</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">D </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的意义。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>3. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">科研是傻瓜相机</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">原理搞不懂?恕我老朽,没时间看原理了。我能折腾,多折腾几次就出来了。为什么要做这一步?老板心里明白就行了!他每周安排的活儿我还干不完呢。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>4. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">科研是照葫芦画瓢</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">综述不会写?抄啊。论文不会写?套啊。反正不会有人追究。无知者无畏!</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>5. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">科研是垃圾</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">实验完成了,论文发表了,答辩通过了。老板语重心长地说:</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">你们走后,这些都是垃圾</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">晕!倒!挣扎!再倒!</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">他们没有骗我,实用主义自有它的道理。但我从此不再随便批判国内的科研水平了,因为在某些时候我也重复着同样的故事。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">写毕业论文</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>1. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">先列提纲</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不列提纲,上来就写,是坏习惯。几百字没问题,几千字勉强,几万字就难了。必须列出写作提纲,再充实完善,以保证思路的连贯和字数的均衡。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>2. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">平时多写</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">及时总结阶段性的工作,多写文章多投稿。到最后阶段,把这些文字有机地组合起来,就是一篇很好的毕业论文。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>3. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不要罗列所有数据</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">为了保证毕业论文的分量,研究生往往会观测较多的指标。但毕业论文并非数据越多越好。一定要舍弃那些与主旨关系不大的数据。否则,要么显得累赘松散,要么成为破绽。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>4. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">打印修改</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在电脑上直接修改,会遗漏很多错误。要尽可能地减少任何错误,一定要打印出来修改。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>5. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">让别人指出错误</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">自己修改,仍然受个人习惯的局限。错误摆在那里,却熟视无睹。让别人给你指出错误吧</span><span style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                        </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,不管他与你是不是同一专业。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">怎样读文献</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>1. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">目标:</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">漫无目的则毫无效率,抓不住重点才效率低下。选题之前可能会有一段时间处于迷茫状态,不知从哪入手。胡乱看了大量文献,却不知所以然。在导师的指导下,在同行的启发下,有些人可以迅速明确目标,有的放矢,入门就从这里开始。即使导师不导,没有定题,自己也要先设定一个具体的问题看文献。不管你将来做不做这些东西,总比没有目标好得多,保证有收获。科研的一般法则是共通的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>2. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">层次:</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">对于一个具体的课题来说,相关文献分属于三个层次:研究方向、研究领域、研究课题。例如有人研究干细胞定向分化治疗帕金森病,对他来说,研究方向就是帕金森病,研究领域是帕金森病的干细胞治疗,研究课题是某种物质诱导干细胞定向分化为分泌多巴胺的神经细胞。看文献时要分清手上的文献是属于那个层次,这决定你对它要掌握到什么程度。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">研究方向层次的文献:一般涉及,基础知识,学科水准,了解当前重大进展与趋势,达到专业人员水平;</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">研究领域层次的文献:了解焦点与热点,已</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">/</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">正</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">/</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">将进行的课题,达到专家水平;</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">研究课题层次的文献:要全面,了解历史、现状、展望、主要方法、手段,达到</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">No1</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">专家水平。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">正确分辨文章的层次,才能把精力用到点子上。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>3. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">形式:</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">广义的文献包括可以阅读的所有出版形式。教科书、专著、会议摘要汇编、期刊、网页、甚至</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">ppt</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">文件。比如要了解免疫应答的基本形式,最好是看教科书;要参考大鼠脑立体定位图谱,最好是看专著;要知道最新进展,最好是查阅期刊;要了解别人的研究动向,最好是参会或看会议论文汇编。不要找错信息源。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>4. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">程度:</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">对文献的熟悉程度不同,阅读文献的方式大不相同。新手学习式阅读,逐字逐句,搞清细节,掌握最基本的知识点。最初的十几、几十篇要精读,精华的几篇甚至要背诵。老手搜索式阅读,已熟悉各种研究的常见模式和一般套路,能够迅速提取关键信息,把握思路,</span><span style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                        </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">经常不按常规顺序阅读。有人看图说话,有人辨数识字。高手批判式阅读,一针见血,直指问题所在。实际上没有一篇论文是无懈可击的。新手要稳,老手要准,高手要狠。新手、老手、高手的代表人物分别是研究生、导师和审稿人,但认真钻研的研究生完全可以在</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年中实现从新手到高手的嬗变。对自己有清醒的定位,才能选择正确的阅读方式。</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/>5. </font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">矛盾:</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <br/><br/></font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">文献读的多了,脑子里塞满了信息。公说公有理,婆说婆有理,反而无所适从?为了解决这个问题,循证医学划分临床试验证据的等级;同理,我们看文献也要重视实验证据的强度。发现矛盾,是第一步;找出异同,是第二步;思考解决,是第三步。从相互矛盾的结论推导中发现矛盾的根源,此时如能跳出圈外,不走思维定势,从原始的科学问题出发,</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">无招胜有招</span><span lang="EN-US" style=";"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,真正是到达另外一种境界了。何必翻译外国人的综述谎称自己的综述?何必重复别人做过的实验谎称自己的思路?</span></p>
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2007-11-16 00:51:00
<p>赞!</p><p></p>
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2007-11-16 01:26:00
谢谢,好贴!
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