树立标杆 和比较对象！ 最优是什么 现实是什么

1.规范分析是对经济体的运行进行评价，从而回答该经济体“好”还是“不好”的问题。
2.福利经济学对经济体的运行，有一个建立在社会福利函数基础之上的评价标准，依靠这个标准就可以评价社会经济是否偏离了其运行目标。
3.现代经济学中的理论表述如下，并且给予了证明。
(The First Fundamental Theorem of Welfare Economics) If (x; y; p) is a competitive equilibrium, then x is weakly Pareto efficient, and further under local nonsatiation,it is Pareto efficient.

(The Second Fundamental Theorem of Welfare Economics) Suppose (x¤; y¤) with x¤ > 0 is Pareto optimal, suppose <i are continuous, convex and strictly monotonic, and suppose that Yj are closed and convex. Then, there is a price vector p &cedil; 0 such that (x¤; y¤; p) is a competitive equilibrium with transfer payments, i.e.,
(1) if x0i &Acirc;i x¤i , then px0i > px¤ i for i = 1;…; n.
(2) py¤j = py0 j for all y0 j 2 Yj and j = 1; …; J:

4. 这样福利经济学不仅以社会经济的好坏为判断出发点，并以此建立了理论体系，而且通过理论的证明说明了在追求社会福利最大化的前提下制定经济方案是最优的。

受教！

受教！