占位，更新。

II Educationand growth

人力资本的作用

A higher ratioof human to physical capital tends to generate higher growth through at leasttwo channels.

First, morehuman capital facilitates the absorption of superior technologies from leadingcountries. This channel is likely to be especially important for schooling atthe secondary and higher levels.

Second, humancapital tends to be more difficult to adjust than physical capital. Therefore,a country that starts with a high ratio of human to physical capital tends togrow rapidly by adjusting upward the quantity of physical capital.

人力资本的测度

(1) quantityof education at the start of each period of the years of school attainment of apopulation group aged 25 and older.

(2) quality ofschooling. The quality of schooling is more important than the quantity. ErikHanushek and Dennis Kimko (2000) find that scores on international examinations(indicators of the quality of schooling capital) matter more than years ofattainment for subsequent economic growth.

Information onstudent test scores in science, mathematics, and reading is available for 43 ofthe countries in my sample.

(3) Totalyears of schooling of the adult population (a proxy for education of parents).

(4) pupil-teacherratios

(5) schooldropout rates

感觉这篇文章，没有多少水平。AER与AER papers and proceedings 直接没法比啊
对人力资本的作用分析，没法信服。应该改为：技术吸收与技术创造。

增加人力资本质量的分析。
最近对纯粹的计量分析，简直有种恶心的感觉。找几个指标，run一下，不接地气，读起来无血无肉、没有意思。

kankan

教育经费各国比较
http://learning.sohu.com/s2012/funds/

补充：
Hanushek, Eric and Kimko, Dennis D. Schooling, labor-force quality, and the growth of nations. American Economic Review, 2000, 90(5), 1184-1208.

核心思想
强调了教育质量对于经济发展的作用。作者使用的学生在数学和科学考试上的得分，作为教育质量的代表，探讨了教育质量与经济发展的关系。

看点
依次讨论了计量模型的三大内生性问题：反向因果、遗漏变量、样本选择偏误。（没讨论测度误差）

DataThe comparison of cognitive achievement across countries capitalizes on six voluntary international tests of student achievement in mathematics and science that were conducted over the past three decades. Four were administered by the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) and two by International Assessment of Educational Progress (IAEP). The IEA began in 1959, and IAEP started in 1988.