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2000年国贸专业英语试题（原创） 对外经济贸易大学2000年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试国际经济贸易学院专业英语试题（英译中四页五段 每段二十分 共100分）1. The Battle to Be Your Online Bill Collector ----Bankers hope cyberbilling can give them a toehold on the NetEvery year, American business sends out 29 billion bills. And by any measure, the exercise isn’t much fun. For companies, printing, processing and posting a typical consumer bill runs about 90c. And for recipients, there’s not only a demand for payment, there’s a wad of solicitations that nearly everyone throws away.But for banks trying to make it on the Internet, bills are cool. Bankers see bills as surefire eyeball-grabbers in an environment where it’s tough to command consumer attention—and a key to protecting their existing business managing cash for big companies. Increasingly, banks are battling high-tech competitors for control of Internet billing, or electronic-bill presentment, as it is called.To be sure, this is a fight over a business that is in its infancy. Few bills are now sent via the Net, and online payment systems often involve a paper check. But the technology exists to send bills from business to customers and route payments back on the Net. By the end of next year, industry analysis estimate upwards of 4.5 million households will be receiving bills online. What’s more, sending and handling bills over the Net should be about 40% cheaper than paper delivery, says the Gartner Group, a research firm in Stamford, Conn.The question is who will become the bill collector on the Net. Bankers reckon that if they can turn their Web sites into mailboxes for electronic bills, they can become key entry points on the Net—portals, even. That would enable them to sell other financial services online. The fear is that existing portals, such as Yahoo! or even American Online, will become centers of bill payment and, in turn, siphon of existing bank business. “Banks have been slow to get into this,” says Kenneth.J.Kerr, a Gartner analyst in Durham, N.C. “ But they realize there is a threat here and they need to get abroad.” Banks have their advantages. They can offer customers simultaneous access to their bills and their money. Banks have long relationships with the billers, such as utilities and retailers, and centuries of experience in protecting people’s money.Big banks also are worried that technology companies offering bill presentment could muscle into one of their fastest-growing business—managing cash for big companies. After all, distributing and collecting bills is a close cousin to cash management.At this point, predicting how the industry will shake out is premature. Banks and technology companies already have formed several alliances aimed at delivering bills on the Net. More combinations are likely. What’s clear, though, is the banks know they are running out of time to get their Internet billing act together.From Business Week/ July 19,19992. Principles of RegulationThe following quotation describes the scope of regulation and how it affects individuals and businesses participating in a market.“ All markets and transactions are in practice regulated by some kind of government laws or regulations, and without regulations of any kind, most markets and types of transactions would cease to exist. Without laws, the terms of many types of agreement and transaction between individuals would be unenforceable and would cease. The choice facing individuals and society is not between regulation and no regulation; it is how much regulation and what kinds of regulation are desirable.”This description portrays regulation as fully encompassing the systems of government and law with the power to control all markets and transactions. Economists and politicians would typically take a much narrower view of regulation, concentrating focusing on the target of regulatory action, might describe regulation as government policy that exerts control over a firm to elicit a desire behavior as a producer of goods or employer of labor. An economist or politician focusing on regulatory process, “ Though regulation, society attempts to substitute the decision-making process of a regulatory commission for the action of the market mechanism… It is clear that the ‘process’ of regulation is to substitute administrative judgment for market-place judgment. In effect, an economic environment of legal rules and regulations is used as a surrogate for the free market, and economic decisions are made by a political process.”The above description portrays regulation as a political process, substituting administrative judgment for marketplace judgment. The description identities the important interaction between regulation and the market and raises an important issue: When, if at all, should marketplace judgment be replaced with administrative judgment?Various answers to this question have been proposed. Of primary importance is the market being considered. Different markets require different amounts and types of regulation.From The Regulation of Insurance3. Intervention Arrangements in the European Monetary SystemBilateral exchange rates within the European Monetary System have never been literally fixed; rather, they have fluctuated within specified limits called margins. Since August 1993 the margins for most bilateral exchange rates have been +1.5 and –1.5 percent, although they were much narrower before then. Cash participating currency is also assigned a “central” exchange rate against the European Currency Unit (ECU), a basket containing specified amounts of European Union currencies. When a currency’s market exchange rate against the ECU diverges sufficiently from its central rate, the central bank that issues the currency is expected to intervene and possibly take other actions to correct the situation.In return for contributing 20 percent of their gold and dollar holdings to a European Monetary Institute, central banks in the EMS receive equivalent holding of ECUs. ECUs can be used, along with other types of international reserves, to purchase domestic currency from member central banks that acquire it in intervention operations but do not wish to hold it. Intervention burdens may be shared symmetrically within the EMS, but they need not be. If the French franc depreciates to its lower limit against the DM, for example, the French central bank must rectify the situation by selling DM reserves; at the same time, the German central bank must lend the necessary DM to the Bank of France. EMS rules thus call for a symmetric intervention procedure when an exchange rate and the other gains them.Much intervention takes place within the EMS exchange rate margins, however, and such intervention does not oblige other central banks to take action. If the Bank of France buys DM assets and adds them to its reserves, for example, the Bundesbank is not required to intervene as long as the franc stays within its margins.In addition, the symmetry of intervention at the margins is not guarantee that the resulting adjustments in national money supplies are symmetric. There is little at present to prevent a central bank from trying to shift the burden of monetary adjustment onto its EMS partners by sterilizing its foreign exchange intervention.From International Economics-Theory and Policy, 4th Edition4. Freedom of ContractThe main principle of the law relating to commercial transactions is based on the freedom of the contracting parties to agree as they wish. The principle comprises the freedom to choose whether one wants to enter into a contract at all, the freedom to choose one’s contracting party and to agree on the contents of the contract and its general and specific terms. However, any freedom of contract is necessarily controlled by some fundamentals principles of the applicable national law which determine how contractual rights come into being and the effect on contractual undertakings of fraud, should also be observed that it may be impossible to obtain enforcement of some contracts and that the modalities of enforcement may differ in different jurisdictions. Generally one cannot expect enforcement of contracts which are illegal in the jurisdiction concerned or which may have such an object that redress to enforcement authorities is unavailable. This is true for most illegal contracts as one cannot very well expect organs of the state to extend a helpful hand to those who have engaged in prohibited or undesirable activities. The same reluctance may well apply to contracts which are not illegal but merely of such a nature that the contracting parties should have to arrange their affairs without the assistance of the authorities, e.g. wagering contract or games for money.In modern commerce, it would normally be impracticable to let the contracting parties individually negotiate each and every contract term. Instead, they would in most cases use ready-made texts appearing in different standard forms of clauses. It is also possible to use computerized texts available for different types of contracts. Is so, it is only theoretically possible to base contract interpretation on the actual will and intention of the contracting parties themselves. Such standardized texts have to be interpreted objectively and reference to contractual intent represents no more than a lip-service to the traditional paradigm of deriving the contents of contract solely from the will of the parties. The standard to be used is to assess how a reasonable person would understand the text rather than to examine how the actual contracting parties understood it, if they even thought about it at all. Such standardized texts originate from different sources. In some cases they are unilaterally prepared by one of the contracting parties and, in other cases, they are elaborated under the auspices of various trade organizations usually only representing one of the parties in a particular type of contractual relationship. However trade organizations representing both parties in the contractual relationship may also have agreed on a standardized text, which is then usually called an “agreed document”. International organizations, such as the International Chamber of Commerce, Promote the elaboration of standard texts and principles which could be incorporated into commercial contracts by reference. In some cases, such standardized texts and principles could attain the status of international usage of trade and, if so, they could be deemed to govern the contracting relationship even in the absence of express reference.From International Commercial Transactions, by ICC5. The Legal Nature of A shareThe issue of a share for money, or money’s worth or in satisfaction of a debt is the transaction by which the whole or part of the stated nominal or authorized share capital of a registered company is collectively realized. In some jurisdictions a minimum or par value for each share is fixed by dividing the amount of the share capital into equal parts. This technique is often reflected in dictionary and legislutive definitions of the term “share”. The definition of a share as a part or share of share capital is misleading to the extent that it conveys the notion of an entitlement on the part of the shareholder to be repaid the par value of the share. A share is not a debenture and is therefore not a debt owed by the company to the shareholder. If subscribers for shares in a commercial company do not lend the consideration to the company then the issue of shares must, of necessity, serve the additional function of rendering the enterprise of the company participable. The juridical substance of a share must therefore be sought in the nature of the participation afforded its proprietor by the constituent documents of the company and by company law. That substance, to the extent that it is not mandatory or generic, is determined initially by the framers of the relevant memorandum and articles of association. Theoretically, therefore, a large part of the legal content of a share is infinitely variable from corporation to corporation, from share to share and from time to time. Practically, however, commercial necessity, securities regulation and convenience may dictate some incidents of a share. The multifarious nature of a share enables it accommodate commercial requirements such as that for collective or pooled capital; marketable securities; limited liability, participation of shareholders in profits and in any surplus on a winding up; and the provision of workable management and control.From Interests In Goods, 2nd Edition, LLP

-- 2001\\2002国贸试题 对外经济贸易大学2001年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试国际贸易学综合试题（本试题意在测试考生的综合专业基础能力。考生在答题前，请认真阅读各题的要求）一、填空（每空1分，共9分）1、当某一厂商使用劳动L和资本K两种可变要素进行一种产品生产时，厂商实现劳动和资本要素最佳投入的条件是————。2、对单个厂商来说，只有在————市场结构中，厂商的平均收益、边际收益和价格相等。3、货币学派把————作为货币政策的唯一控制指标，该政策建议被称为————。4、进口国队倾销商品征收反倾销税必须具备的条件为————。5、根据国际商会的《2000通则》的解释，在F组术语中适用于各种运输方式的贸易术语是————。6、《国际货币基金协定》条款规定：当一种货币在货币基金组织的库存下降到该会员国份额的75％以下时，货币基金组织可将该会员国货币宣布为————，并按逆差国的需要进行限额分配；逆差国有权对该国货币采取临时的————。二、判断下列各题的叙述是否正确，正确的在每小题前面的括号内划√错误的划×（每小题1分，共10分）1、（ ）当厂商以降低产品价格增加销量时，一定会带来销售额的增加。2、（ ）公共产品与私人产品的区别在于：公共产品应由政府部门提供，而私人产品是由私人企业生产。3、（ ）货币投机需求曲线向右下方倾斜是因为较低的利率增加了持有货币的机会成本。4、（）在其他条件不变的情况下，自发性净出口的增加可导致IS曲线向右移动。5、（）依照总贸易体制，以国境为标准统计进口，凡进入国境的商品，不论其是否办理通关手续，一律列入进口，作为总进口的一部分。6、（）进口替代贸易发展模式是以进口产品取代国内生产的同类产品的贸易发展模式。7、（ ）世界有形商品贸易额是各国和地区有形商品贸易额只和。8、（ ）理论上说，国际收支的不平衡指自主性交易的不平衡，但在统计上很难做到。9、（）买方期权和买方期权是同一期权交易的两个方面。10、（ )扬基债券和武士债券分别是在美国和日本发行的两种欧洲债券。三、单项选择题（将正确答案填写在括号内，每题1分，共9分）1、既考虑到出口商品劳动生产率的变化，又考虑到进口商品劳动生产率变化的贸易条件为：A、收入贸易条件；B、单项因素贸易条件；C、净贸易条件；D、双项因素贸易条件答案（ ）2、按国内价格与进口价格之间的差额征收的关税为：A、最惠国税；B、普惠税；C、特惠税；D、差价税答案（ ）3、普遍优惠制的三个基本原则是：A、普遍的、非歧视的、互惠的；B、普遍的、附加条件的、对等的；C、普遍的、非歧视的、非互惠的；D、有选择的、附加条件的、对等的答案（ ）4、欧洲联盟对农畜产品征收差价税，按照（ ）的差额征收。A、指标价格与进口价格；B、门槛价格与进口价格；C、指标价格与门槛价格；D、干预价格与进口价格答案（ ）5、当被保险人投保水渍险时，保险人承保的责任范围不包括：A、保险标的的实际全损和推定全损；B、因意外事故导致的部分损失；C、因共同海损所造成的牺牲和费用；D、因外来风险所造成的货物损失答案（ ）6、下列关于海运提单与提单的区别的说法中，错误的说法是：A、提单是运输契约的证明：海运单不是运输契约的证明：B、提单是货物所有权的凭证：海运单不是货物所有权的凭证；C、提单的抬头不须标明收货人；D、提单是收货人提货的凭证：海运单不是收货人提货的凭证答案（ ）7、当处于通货膨胀和国际收支逆差的经济状况时，应采取下列什么政策搭配：A、紧缩国内支出，本币升值；B、扩张国内支出，本币贬值；C、扩张国内支出，本币升值：D、紧缩国内支出，本币贬值答案（ ）8、假设美国投资者投资英镑CD，6个月收益5％，此期间英镑贬值9％，则投资英镑的有效收益率为：A、14.45%；B、-4.45%；C、14％；D、4%答案（ ）9、当一个注册地点为中国大陆的公司在香港联交所上市时，我们称该公司为：A、A股上市公司；B、B股上市公司；C、红筹股上市公司；D、H股上市公司答案（ ）四、多项选择题（将正确答案填在括号内，每题1分，共6分）1、邓宁的国际生产折衷理论认为，企业欲进行有利的海外投资活动必须具备：A、所有权优势；B、内部化优势；C、比较优势；D、区位优势答案（ ）2、在现代贸易条约与协定中，最常见的最惠国待遇适用的例外包括：A、边境贸易；B、沿海贸易；C、关税贸易；D、过境贸易答案（ ）3、乌拉圭回合达成的《服务贸易总协定》，将服务贸易定义为：A、过境交付；B、境外消费；C、商业存在；D、自然人流动答案（ ）4、我们说国际贸易术语一方面用来表示交易商品的价格构成，另一方面用以确定交货的条件，这后者是指：A、确定风险划分的界限；B、确定交货的方式；C、确定所有权转移的时间和方式；D、划分交易双方承担的责任和费用答案（ ）5、下列关于分期装运（Shipment by Instalment)的说法中与国际惯例的规定相符的说法是：A、规定分期装运条款时只须规定允许或不允许；B、规定分期装运时每批的交货数量必须相对；C、分期装运条款中要规定每批货的数量和交货时间；D、任何一批未按规定装运，信用证从该期开始作废答案（）6、欧洲货币市场境内、外业务一体型的代表是：A、纽约；B、伦敦；C、新加坡；D、香港答案（）五、简单准确解释下列名次（每题3分，共18分）1、挤出效应2、帕累托最优3、Restrictive Business Practice4、逆汇汇票5、外汇缓冲政策6、马歇尔－－勒纳条件六、简述题（每题6分，共12分）1、在国际货物买卖中，信用证与买卖合同之间的关系如何？2、简述国际范围内金融业混业经营的主要表现及其内在动力。七、论述题（每题10分，共20分）1、为什么说在组建关税同盟的条件下，产业规模经济效应的存在可以增强成员国的贸易创造效应，弱化贸易转移效应？2、垄断是由什么原因造成的？为什么说垄断造成了市场失灵？政府能够采取有效的措施限制垄断吗？为什么？八、案例分析题（第1题7分，第2题9分，共16分）1、中国的某公司购买产自伊朗的槽钢，合同规定应符合德国的DIN标准，但是制造商实际是按俄国的ГОСТ标准生产的。由于德国的DIN和俄国的ГОСТ标准对同一规格的槽钢规定的截面尺寸是不一致的，于是买方认为货物不符合合同，不能使用，但他没有拒绝收获，也没有要求换货，而是向买方提出只能作为废钢回炉，要求按废钢降价处理。你认为买方的做法是否正确？清说明理由。2、美国的Sal's卫星公司向洛杉矶和纽约的订户发送电视节目。洛杉矶和纽约订户的市场需求曲线分别为：QLA＝80－（2/3）PLAQNY＝80－（2/3）PNY式中，Q以千户/年计，P是年定价。Sal's卫星公司提供发送电视节目的服务成本为：C＝1000＋30Q其中，Q＝QLA＋QNY问：（1）在两个市场是分开的情况下，保证洛杉矶市场和纽约市场利润最大化的价格和数量分别是多少？（2）美国五角大楼部署了一颗新卫星，使居住在洛杉矶的人可以直接收到Sal's公司在纽约发送的节目，而居住在纽约的人也可以直接收到Sal's公司在洛杉矶发送的节目，这样纽约或洛杉矶的任何人只要在任一城市付费就可以收到Sal's公司的节目，因此Sal's公司只能定单一的价格。Sal's公司的单一价格为多少？它在纽约和洛杉矶能销售多少数量？（3）上两种销售情况哪一种对Sal's公司来说利润更大？

-- 2001年国贸专业英语试题1.The information revolution Never in the history of this planet has humanity seen more change than witnessed over the last twenty years.After centuries-even millenniums-of human civilization,only in this period has man found the means to connect instantly and efficiently the consciousness of virtually every inhabitant on the earth.Only in the past decade have come the means to consolidate,organize,and access all of the available knowledge that man has gained over the entire history of humanity.And as if this mind-numbing pace of change has not been fast enough,the forces that drive it promise to become even stronger and faster in the coming twenty years.Our race is in the midst of the information revolution-a revolution that could change virtually every facet of human life. From our vantage point ,it is still not possible to fully grasp the extent and significance of the information revolution .Things are moving too fast-propelled by advances in science and the forces of market economics to predict exactly how evolving technologies will alter civilization on earth . The only thing that can be said for certain isthat major change is inevitable for all but the most remote fringes of human society.We are heading at blinding speed into a complete new world built on afoudation of the information and communication technology.2.Recent Trends in international trade Over the last decades,the foreign trade sector has grown dramatically in importance worldwide .In 1960,as a percentage of nominal GDP,goods exports and imports were 3.9 percent and 2.9 percent ,respectively.By 1997,goods exports and imports shares had risen to 8.5 percent and 11.0 percent ,respectively.Domestic demand has increasingly been met by imports,while exports have become a more significant factor underlying growth in manufacturing output. What does the United States export and import ?In 1997,by principle end-use categories,export are led by capital goods excluding autos ,with second place held by industrial supplies and materials.Most imports for industrial supplies and materials,followed by automotive vehicles,parts ,and engines. Exports and imports flows between various trading partners have changessignificantly since the end of World WarII .Though still important,Western Europe no longer dominates as the United states' primary trading region.Forexports,Canada is by far the most important buyer of US goods.In 1996, Canada also was the number one supplier of goods to the United States.In recent years , however ,Japan,China,and Mexico have become increasingly important .Whilethe United States' largest unilateral trade deficit for goods is with Japan ,China's goods trade surplus with the United States has grown rapidly in recent years.3.contract in Cyberspace The law of contracts,fashioned over centuries to fit the needs of parties who transact ,is rich in human experience .It would be presumptuous to assume that technological change will fundamentally alter the way we contract.It willnot .Rather , contract law will adapt,as it always has ,to accommodate cyberspace .Although,contract law must change so that it provides certainty and enforceability over cyberspace transactions,technology must progress before this can happen .Cyberspace security problems must be resolved ,for until transactions can be securely effected simply and with wide accessibility,business will lack the necessary comfort level.This may require patience. It's important that the market resolve the technological issues first,or wu run the risk of law dictating technology--a sub-optimal solution.The contact law that will emerge won't be a "new" or revolutionary contract law per se.Rather it will apply old principles to the new enviroment,and over time will evolve to further reflect cyberspace's idiosyncrasies. Contract law issues that require immdiate legislative attention are: the status of digital signature and their acceptability in Contracts , amendments to the Statue of Frauds' writing and signing requirements ,legal support ofencryption use ,and criminalization of crypto-attacks ,Government should alsogive priority attention to public key infrastructure(PKI) issues,such as the liability of certification authorities.Other than becoming a model user,it shouldn't mandate use of a particular PKI system at this time.The market should be left to make its own choices.4.Corporate Bonds As the name indicates,corporate bonds are issued by corporations,Corporation bonds are classified by the type of issuer. The four general classifications used by bond information services are1)utilities,(2)transportations,(3)industrials,and(4)banks and finance companies.First breakdowns are often to create more homogeneous groupings.For example,utilities are subdivided intoelectric power companies,gas distribution companies,water companies,and communication companies.Transportation are divided further into airlines.railroads,and trucking companies.Industrials are the catchall class,and the most heterogeneous of the groupings with respect to investment characteristics.Industrials include all kinds of manufacturing,merchandising,and service companies. The promises of a corporate bond issuer and the rights of investors are set forth in great detail in a contract called a bond indenture .Failure to payeither the principal or interest when due constitutes legal default and court proceedings can be instituted to enforce the contract .Bondholders,as creditors,have a prior legal claim over preferred and common stockholders as to both income and assets of the corporation for the principal and interest due them. In a typical corporate bond ,there are options embedded in the issue.An embedded option is part of the structure of a bond,as opposed to a "bare option",which trades separeately from any underlying security. Most corporate bonds are term bonds,that is ,they run for a term of years and then become due and payable.Term bonds are ofen referred to as "bullet--maturity" or simply "bullet" bonds.The term may be long or short.As with Treasure secutities,obligations due less then ten years from the date of issue arecalled notes.Term bonds may be retired by payment at final maturity or retired prior to maturity if provided for in the indenture.Some corporate bond issues are so arranged that specified principal amounts become due on specified dates.Such issues are called serial bonds.5.warranties on the Sale of a BusinessThe sale of a business is a transaction which involves the sale of a varied collection of assets having differrent characteristics:(a)some of the assets will be physical goods,such as stock,machinery and equipment ;(b)usually there will be freehold of leasehold properties to be transferred;(c)intangible assets will include the goodwill of the business,debtors and ,commonly,intellectual property rights.(d)rights may be sold,such as to the current order book,which are barely assets in the nomal sense.The transaction will not normally involve the purchaser in taking over liabilities and these will not generally pass unless there is an express acceptance by the purchaser.This broad principle needs,however,to be qualified in a numberof respects:(1)Liabilities in relation to properties may run with the land and accordinglyautomatically bind the purchaser.(2)Certain obligations to the emplyees of a business which is sold as a going concern pass under the Transfer of Undertaking (Protection of Employment)Regulations 1981.(3)Partly completed goods,the manufacture of which is completed by the purchaser,will give rise to a liability on the purchaser if they prove to be defective envn though the defect arises from work done by the vendor.(4)From a practical point of view,it is often necessary for the purchaser to perform warranty obligations of the vendor in relation to goods sold slightly before the transfer of the business.Despite these exceptions,the general rules is that the purchaser does not takeover any liabilities of the business for which it does not wish to be responsible.This significantly affects the scope of the wanrranties which the purchaser will seek and,broadly,the warranties on share sales dealing with liabilities ,and in particular those concerning taxation, will be unnecessary.Nevertheless,not all liabilities are irrelevant in determining whether the purchaser hasacquired what it thought it was buying :(1)The purchaser will wish to be sure that accounts of the vendor correctly reflect the profitability of the business and that liabilities reducing the profits are fully taken into account.(2)Disputes with suppliers and customers could adversely affect the goodwill of the business.(3)Employees who are dissatisfied because they have outstanding claims of which the purchaser is not aware could cause problems for the purchaser of such significance that it could find itself effectively forced to meet the liabilities even though it has no legal responsibility.

-- 2002年国贸学专业综合试卷一、填空（每空1分，共8分）1、在某一垄断竞争行业中，各厂商所生产的产品既存在___________，同时又具有___________。2、以收益形式表现的生产要素边际生产力通常被称为___________。3、凯恩斯主义认为，___________是西方国家最通常使用的、最主要使用的货币政策工具。4、普惠制条件下，收惠国向给惠国输出的商品享受关税优惠的程度取决于普惠制与___________税之间的差额。5、国际贸易包含世界各国之间商品和服务的交换活动和___________的国家间流动，它反映了世界各国在经济上的互相依存关系。6、世界贸易组织在金融领域所追求的两大目标是___________和___________。二、判断（每小题1分，共8分）1、（ ）当录像机的价格上升时，录像带的需求量会减少，这是因为录像机和录像带之间存在着替代性。2、（ ）厂商增加一单位产量时所增加的可变成本等于边际成本。3、（ ）在均衡的国民收入水平上，非计划存货投资和计划存货都必须等于零。4、（ ）在开放经济中，一国只能通过实施货币政策而不是通过实施财政政策实现充分就业和国际收支平衡。5、（ ）长期性商品倾销往往有赖于规模经济或政府出口补贴的支持。6、（ ）国际贸易额是世界各国进口额与出口额的总和。7、（ ）蒙代尔－弗莱明模型认为，在浮动汇率制、货币自由流动和货币自主权之间存在着三难选择。8、（ ）金融服务附录规定，审慎监管措施受服务贸易总协定其他条款的限制。三、单选 （每题1分，共7分）1、等成本曲线向内移动表明___________。A、成本降低了 B、生产要素的价格按相同比例下降了C、成本减少了 D、生产要素的价格按不同比例下降了2、有效关税率代表着___________部分的有效保护。A、产品增值 B、最终产品 C、原材料 D、中间产品3、政府机构在采购货物时优先购买本国产品的政策，属于___________。A、歧视性政府采购政策 B、进口押金制 C、进出口国家垄断 D、特许经营4、某信用证中规定受益人为A公司，但向银行议付时提交的提单上，发货人却是B公司，这种情况下，根据UCP500的规定___________。A、构成了单证不符，银行不会接受 B、不够成单证不符，银行必须接受 C、除非信用证另有规定，银行可以接受 D、除非信用证另有规定，银行将不接受5、根据《联合国国际货物销售公约》的规定，一项接受由于邮政或电讯部门的延误，送达发盘人时超过了发盘的有效期，那么___________。A、除非发盘人及时提出异议，该逾期接受仍然有效 B、只要发盘人及时表示确认，该逾期接受仍然有效 C、如果受盘人能够提供确切证据，则该逾期接受有效 D、即使受盘人能提供确切证据，该逾期接受仍然无效6、国际银行设施属于离岸金融中心的___________。A、功能中心 B、基金中心 C、名义中心 D、收放中心7、择期业务与期权业务最主要的区别是___________。A、经营机构少 B、币种与金额所受限制不同 C、能否放弃合约的自主权不同 D、期限不同四、多项选择（每题2分，共6分）1、对外贸易政策由以下内容组成___________。A、对外贸易总政策 B、产业政策 C、商业政策 D、进出口商品政策 E、国别地区政策2、A公司与马来西亚的B公司签定了包销协议，出口某中成药。不久，A公司又与当地的C公司签订了经销合同，向其出口同样的中成药。这种情况下___________。A、A公司的行为构成了违约，因为他损害了B公司的独家专营权B、A公司不构成违约行为，因为他并没有授予B公司独家专营权C、签订包销协议后，A公司仍可自行向当地出口，但不能再指定包销商D、签订包销协议后，A公司既不能自行向当地出口，也不能再指定包销商3、银行的资金来源除会员国交纳的股本外，还包括___________。A、借款 B、份额 C、债券转让 D、利润收入 E、捐赠收入五、名词解释 （每题3分，共15分）价格歧视出口信贷国家担保要素价格均等化定理特里芬难题保付代理六、简述（每题6分，共18分）1、证明短期生产函数和短期成本函数的对偶关系，并简单说明它们的变动规律。2、根据国际商会制定的URC522的解释，简述托收方式下银行的职责和免责问题。3、简述外汇风险的构成要素及其相互关系。七、论述 （每题10分，共20分）1、试述EU与APEC的异同？2、结合我国近几年来彩电市场经历的大减价、限产联盟、限价联盟等，试分析我国的彩电行业属于什么市场结构？上述措施能否有效的解决彩电市场的激烈竞争？为什么？八、案例分析（第一题10分，第二题8分，共18分）1、 出口商A与进口商B达成一笔机电产品的买卖合同，合同中规定由A商向B商提供两种型号的产品。其中，型号Ⅰ的产品400箱，型号Ⅱ的产品200箱，但不久A商接到国外来证，却发现信用证中将两种型号的数量弄颠倒了，变成了型号Ⅰ的产品200箱，型号Ⅱ的产品400箱。请问A商如果按合同执行和按信用证执行各会遇到什么问题？正确的做法应该是什么？2、 假设某经济的消费函数为C＝100+0.8Y（其中Y为个人可支配收入），投资I＝100，政府购买支出G＝200，政府转移支付TR＝62.5（单位均为10亿美元），税率t＝0.25。问：（1）均衡国民收入是多少？（2）投资乘数和政府税收乘数分别是多少？（3）当政府将一笔支出用在政府购买上对国民收入的影响是否和将这一笔支出用在政府转移支付上对国民收入的影响一样？为什么？

-- 作者：qinghewalter333 -- 发布时间：2004-7-31 19:37:00 -- 对外经济贸易大学2002年攻读硕士研究生入学考试经贸专业英语试题本试题为英译中，共五段，每段二十分。 1.The True, Peaceful Face of IslamThere are 1.2 billion Muslims in the world, and Islam is the world’s fastest-growing religion. If the evil carnage we witnessed on Sept. 11 were typical ofthe faith, and Islam truly inspired and justified such violence, its growth and the increasing presence of Muslims in both Europe and the U.S. would be a terrifying prospect. Fortunately, this is not the case. The very word Islam, which means “surrender”, is related to the Arabic salam, or peace. When the Prophet Muhammad brought the inspired scripture known as Koran to the Arabs in the early 7th century A. D., a major part of his missionwas devoted precisely to bringing an end to the kind of mass slaughter we witnessed in New York City and Washington. Pre-Islamic Arabia was caught up in a vicious cycle of warfare, in which tribe fought tribe in a pattern of vendettaand counter-vendetta. Muhammad himself survived several assassination attempts, and the early Muslin community narrowly escaped extermination by the powerful city of Mecca. The Prophet had to fight a deadly war in order to survive, but as soon as he felt his people were probably safe, he devoted his attention to building up a peaceful coalition of tribes and achieved victory by an ingenious and inspiring campaign of non-violence. When he died in 632, he had almost single-handedly brought peace to war-torn Arabia. Because the Koran was revealed in the context of an all-out war, several passages deal with the conduct of armed struggle. Warfare was a desperate business on the Arabian Peninsula. A chieftain was not expected to spare survivors after a battle, and some of the Koran injunctions seem to share this spirit. Muslims are ordered by God to “slay [enemies] wherever you find them!”. Extremists such as Osama bin laden like to quote such verses but do so selectively. They do not include the exhortation to peace, which in almost every case follow these more ferocious passages:” Thus, if they let you be, and do not make war on you, and offer you peace, God does not allow you to harm them.Islam is not addicted to war, and jihad is not one of its “pillars”, or essential practices. The primary meaning of the word jihad is not ”holy war” but“struggle”. It refers to the different effort that is needed to put God’s will into practice at every level-personal and social as well as political. A very important and much quoted tradition has Muhammad telling his companions as they go home after a battle. “We are returning from the lesser jihad [the battle] to the greater jihad,” the far more urgent and momentous task of extirpating wrongdoing from one’s own society and one’s own heart.---Time, October 1st 2001.2.Women at workThroughout American history, the proportion of women who work to provide for themselves or their families has always very high, What has changed---and has changed dramatically---is how many women earn a wage. After the rise of industrial capitalism in the nineteenth century, men increasingly sold their labor onthe market. Most American women, however, continued to work without pay inside the home or on the family farm. This has changed. Most Americans now regard the rigidly enforced isolation of women from the labor force as out of step with contemporary business and culture. For over a century, at any given time more than 80 percent of men have earned a wage or salary. One hundred years ago,only about 20 percent women earned a wage or salary. Today, over 70percent do. Historians will report that the entrance of large numbers of women into the labor force was the most profound shift in the demographic composition of U.S.workers in the twentieth century. Indeed, it could be argued soundly that it was the century’s preeminent sociocultural change as well. Wage-earning women in the industrial democracies today have greater earning powerthan women have ever had in the history of the West.Many see the World War II ear, with its tight labor market and Rosie the Riveter” campaigns as the watershed period for women’s first beginning to work for wages in large numbers. Such exclusive attention to the temporary upsurge cause by the war, though, risks ignoring how there has been a trend toward increasing labor force participation throughout the development of the American market economy.There can be little doubt that, on balance, a woman’s expectation to earn a wage has been liberating . The labor power of today’s women allows personal and professional choices to be made that were unavailable in the past. Some worry, however, that the economic agency that women have gained by entering the labor force is culturally hollow, At very least, the grand social transformationthat many feminists hoped would follow after large number of hours outside the home still earn less on average than their male coworkers and are often excluded from positions of authority, yet continue to bear disproportionate responsibility for completing household chores.---America by the Numbers3.The Knowledge EconomyEconomists continue to search for the foundations of economic growth. Traditional “production functions” focus on labor, capital, materials and energy; knowledge and technology are external influences on production. Now analytical approaches are being developed so that knowledge can be included more directly in production functions. Investments in knowledge can increase the productive capacity of the other factors of production as well as transform them into newproducts and processes. And since these knowledge investments are characterized by increasing (rather than decreasing) returns, they are the key to long-term economic growth. The most visible sign of the knowledge-based economy is the emergence of the “information society”. Information technology has speeded up the codification of knowledge, transforming it into a market commodity: large chunks of knowledge can be codified and transmitted over computer and communications networks. The use of personal computers has more than doubled in the last decade. These computers can be linked nationally and internationally. Through computer networks, knowledge is more accessible to a wider group of people and cheaper to acquire. Knowledge itself is becoming a more marketable product, and its spread is transforming other goods and services and creating new markets. The spiraling number of information services available on the Internet, raging from job searchesto medical advice, is one example. The transformation of several disciplines—measurements, navigation, chemistry, music, surgery, telecommunications—by laser technology is another. And as the stock of knowledge accessible to the world economy swells, it is driving economic growth. The increase in knowledge accessibility and lower barriers to entry are also enhancing the role of the entrepreneur.---The Knowledge Economy4.Capacity to Be a PrincipalNor every person or entity may be a principal. To be a principal, one must have the capacity to execute a contract. Minors, incompetents, and other natural persons with limited contractual capacity may be restricted in their ability to be a principal or even prohibited entirely from becoming a principal. Adult persons of limited mental capacities or adults who are temporarily incapacitated (for example, while intoxicated) are not permitted to appoint agents freely. Under modern legal theory, minors have contractual capacity for necessities and thus may be principals and appoint agents for any item deemed to be necessary (food, shelter, and so on). This complicated by the fact that there is no uniform definition of what falls within the term “necessary”. Consequently, the practical result is that very few people are willing to contract with minors for anything, and even fewer people will deal with the agent of minor.A corporation has contractual capacity and can be a principal. The corporation’s ability to appoint an agent is limited to the scope of activities authorized in its articles of incorporation. This caused some problems in the past because lawyers used to draft the articles of incorporation to encompass only those activities contemplated by the incorporations (for example, to operate a railroad). However, since modern legal practice is to create a corporation with the ability to conduct any business the law allows, there are few limitations on a corporation’s capacity to act as a principal.Partnerships can usually act as principals, although there are two legal theories to explain how. Where the law does not treat a partnership as a legal entity, the partnership itself is not technically capable of being a principal. Inthese jurisdictions, because the partnership lacks contractual capability, the individual partners are deemed to be the principal and the partnership’s agent is really the agent of the partners. In the jurisdictions where a partnership is a legal entity, this fiction need not be observed, and the partnership can act directly as a principal through its agents.---McGill’s Legal Aspects of Life Insurance5.Financial DerivativesIn the past two decades, we have witnessed the revolutionary period in the trading of financial derivatives or contingent claims in financial markets aroundworld. A derivative security may be defined as a security whose value dependson the values of other more basic underlying variables, which may be the prices of traded securities, prices of commodities or stock indices. The two most common derivative securities are futures and options. A forward contract ( called a futures contract if traded on exchange ) is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a certain time in the future for a predetermined price while an option gives the holder the right ( but not the obligation )to buy or sell an asset by a certain date for a predetermined price.Options are classified either as a call option or a put option. A call ( or put ) is a contract which gives the holder the right to buy ( or sell ) a prescribed asset, known as the underlying asset, by a certain date ( expiration date) for a predetermined price ( commonly called the exercise price or the strike price ). Since the holder is given the right, but not the obligation, to buyor sell the asset, he will make the decision depending on whether the deal isfavorable to him or not. The option is said to be exercised on the expirationdate, then the option is called a European option, while the exercise is allowed at any time prior to the expiration date, then it is called an American option ( these term have nothing to do with their continental origins ). The simple call and put options with no special features are commonly called plain vanilla options. Also, we have options coined with names like Asian option, lookback option, barrier option etc.The other party to the holder of the option in the contract is called the writer of the option. The holder and the writer are said to be in the long and short positions of the option contract, respectively. Unlike the holder, he writer does have an obligation with regard to the option contract, say, the writer must sell the asset if the holder chooses in his favor to buy the asset. This is zero-sum game. The holder gains from the loss of writer or vice versa.---Mathematical models of financial derivatives

-- 2000年国贸综合试题 对外经济贸易大学2000年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试国际贸易综合试题（本试题旨在测试考生的综合专业基础能力，考生在回答问题前，请首先认真阅读各题的要求）一简单准确解释下列名词（3分/题，共24分）1． 市场失灵2．机会成本3． 李嘉图的比较成本说4． 规模报酬5． 欧洲货币市场6． 加工贸易7．反倾销税8． 联系汇率制二 以下各题的答案中，只有一个是合适的，请选择你认为合适的答案，并在编号字母上划“√”号（1分/题，共10分）1．外汇的购买者或出卖者在合约的有效期内任何一天，只可要求银行实行交割的外汇业务是：A．择期业务 B。期权业务C．远期外汇业务 D。掉期业务2．以下外汇风险管理方法中，可同时消除时间和货币风险的方法是：A．借款法 B。远期合同法C．提前收付法 D。投资法3．下列各项中，（ ）不是构成共同海损的条件。A．共同海损的危险必须是真实存在的，并威胁到船货的共同安全B． 采取的牺牲是有意识的，而且是合理的C． 所付出的牺牲和支付的费用产生了效果D． 共同海损必须是船和货都遭受了损失4．本票和汇票的区别在于：A． 本票是书面支付承诺，汇票是书面支付命令B． 本票都是即期付款，汇票有远期即期之分C． 本票的付款人都是银行，汇票的付款人不一定是银行D． 本票的付款是有条件的，汇票的付款是无条件的5．李斯特提出保护的对象是：A．农业 B。能与外国产品竞争的产业C．不能与外国产品竞争的幼稚产业 D。传统工业6．世界贸易组织于（ ）建立并运行：A．1947 B。1993C．1994 D。19957．经济学中的“短期”和“长期”是根据下列哪一个条件划分的：A．生产周期的时间长短 B。生产要素在一定时期内是否可全部调整C．产量在一定时期内是否可以调整 D。生产规模在一定时期内是否可以调整8．正常商品价格上升导致需求减少的原因在于：A．替代效应使需求量增加，收入效应使需求量减少B．替代效应使需求量增加，收入效应使需求量增加C．替代效应使需求量减少，收入效应使需求量减少D．替代效应使需求量减少，收入效应使需求量增加9． 洛美协定是欧盟与（ ）签署的特殊贸易优惠协定。A．非洲发展中国家 B。加勒比地区发展中国家C．非洲、加勒比和太平洋发展中国家 D。南太平洋发展中国家10．当一国经济处于IS曲线左侧，LM曲线右侧时：A．I>S, L>M B. I>S, L<MC. I<S, L<M D. I<S, L>M三 下列各题的答案中，有若干个是合适的，请选择你认为合适的答案，并在括号内划上“√”号。（1分/题，共10分）（说明：括号本来在字母前面，这里没有打出来）1．公共产品与私人产品的区别为：A． 公共产品是由政府提供，私人产品是由私人提供B． 公共产品的消费者是公共部门，私人产品的消费者是私人经济行为者C． 公共产品的消费具有非排他性，私人产品的消费具有排他性D． 公共产品的消费具有非抗争性，私人产品的消费具有抗争性2．周期性失业是指：A． 由于某些行业生产的季节性变动所引起的使用B． 由于劳动力市场结构的特点，劳动力的流动不能适应劳动力需求的变动所引起的失业C． 由于总需求不足所引起的短期失业D． 由于在现行工资水平和工作条件下仍找不到工作的失业3．下列有关分期装运（shipment by installment）的说法中，与惯例的规定相符的是：A． 规定分期装运时，只需在条款中规定允许或不允许B． 分期装运条款中要规定每批货的数量和交货时间C． 规定分期装运时，每批货的交货数量必须相等]D． 任何一期未按规定装运，信用证从该期开始作废4．当被保险人投保水渍险时，保险人承保的范围包括：A． 保险标的实际全损和推定全损B． 因意外事故导致的部分损失C． 因自然灾害导致的部分损失D． 外来风险所造成的货物损失5．总需求曲线上国民收入与价格水平的配合要求：A． 国民收入与价格同方向变动B． 国民收入与价格反方向变动C． 商品市场和货币市场同时均衡D． 利率和名义货币供给量保持不变6．一国的国际储备通常包括：A． 该国保有的可兑换货币及其表示的支付凭证和信用凭证B． 居民手中的外汇C． 在IMF的储备头寸D． 特别提款权7．保护贸易的利益主要有：A． 增加国内就业B． 形成相互有利的国际分工C． 促进竞争，组织垄断D． 有利于贸易条件的改善8．与固定汇率制度相比，浮动汇率制度的主要优点有：A． 汇率能发挥其调节国际收支的杠杆作用B． 有助于消除外汇投机C． 减少对外汇储备的需要D． 有助于保持货币政策的稳定性9．在均衡国民收入水平上A． 计划投资等于非计划投资B． 存货投资等于零C． 非计划存货投资等于零D． 计划存货投资等于非计划存货投资10．下列离岸金融中心中，属于集中性中心的是：A． 伦敦B． 香港C． 新加坡D．国际银行设施四 判断下列各题的叙述是否正确，正确的在括号内划勾，错误的划叉。（1分/题，共8分）1．有差别存在就会有垄断，但有差别的产品之间并不存在垄断。 （ ）2．垄断厂商在实现短期均衡时，可能会出现亏损，即经济利润为负。（ ）3．国际商会新颁布的《2000通则》中规定，按照FAS条件成交时，由买方自负风险和费用办理货物出口的清关手续。（ ）4．马克思指出：“对外贸易的扩大，虽然在资本主义生产方式的幼年时期是这种生产方式的基础，但在资本主义生产方式的发展中，由于这种生产方式的外在必然性，由于这种生产方式要求不断扩大市场，它成为这种生产方式本身的产物”。（ ）5．晚期重商主义也为贸易平衡论。 （ ）6．托收方式下，银行只是作为受托人替出口人收款，他没有检查单据的义务，因此，如果出口人出具伪造单据，造成进口人的损失，银行不承担责任。（ ）7．在寄售方式下，寄售人和代销人之间签定的寄售协议属于行纪合同的性质。 （ ）8．汇率变化会对所有的外币资产或负债产生影响，因而，所有的外币资产和负债都要承担风险。 （ ）五 填空（1分/空， 共9分）1． 外汇风险可以分为会计风险、_________和__________三种。2． 哈罗德认为一个国家的经济增长率取决于_________和_____________。3． 生产要素的需求特点主要表现为_______，________。4． 根据美国《1988年综合贸易法》，如果发现别国侵犯了美国的知识产权，可引用______进行报复。5． 对于单个厂商来说，只有在________市场结构中，厂商的平均收益、边际收益和_____才相等。六回答以下两个问题 （6分/题，共12分）1．在80年代以前，美国农产品的需求主要来自其他国家，据统计1981年美国的小麦供给为：QS=1800+P小麦的总需求为：QD=3550-266P小麦的国内需求为：Qd=1000-46P试中价格的单位为美元/蒲式耳，数量为百万蒲式耳/年，试分析：（1） 小麦的市场均衡价格和数量为多少？（2） 若小麦的出口需求下降了40%，美国小麦的市场价格会发生什么变化？为什么美国农民为此担忧？（3） 1985年美国政府价格支持计划使小麦价格维持在3美元/蒲式耳，如果没有出口需求，政府应每年购买多少小麦？这将使政府每年花费多少钱？2．假设某经济的消费函数为：C=100+0.8Y其中Y为国民收入，投资I=100，政府购买支出G=200，政府转移支付TR=62.5（单位为10亿美元），税率t=0.25（1） 求出均衡国民收入。（2） 求出投资和政府税收乘数（3） 当政府将一笔支出用在政府购买上对国民收入的影响是否和将这一笔支出用在政府转移支付上对国民收入的影响一样？为什么？七 论述下列问题（7分）1． 按我国新颁布的《合同法》的规定，合同可以以什么形式订立？合同中应包括哪些条款？八回答以下两个问题（请将每题的叙述限制在1000字以内。10分/题，共20分）1． 李嘉图提出“比较成本说”的前提条件是什么？2． 世界贸易组织的职能有哪些？

-- 作者：qinghewalter333 -- 发布时间：2004-7-31 19:38:00 -- 国贸专业1999年专业英语试题（原创） 对外经济贸易大学1999年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试经贸专业英语试题（英译中，六段 共100分）1．ASLA：ONE YEAR LATER (15分)On the first anniversary of Asia’s worst recession in half a century, it is clear that the geoeconomic shape of the Pacific Rim will be far different from what anyone anticipated just a year ago. The fulcruin of growth is slowly shifting from a senescent Japan and stagnant Southeast Asia to a dynamic, confident China. President Clinton’s remarkable journey will likely mark this tectonic shift for future histories. Consider these events taking place:CHINA is choosing a strategy of pumping up domestic-led economic growth, in contrast with the International Monetary Funds’s policy of austerity and Japan’s weak yen-and-export push. By cutting interest rates, privitazing housing, inviting foreign investment, and keeping the renminbi stable, Beijing is increasing domestic demand and growth. Certainly, China shares many of the woes afflicting Asia-insolvent banks, lax regulatory enforcement, and corruption. Yet its vigor in attacking these problems and its decision to pot for a strong currency set it apart and show real leadership.JAPAN, in contrast, is stuck in a hemnetically sealed society. Despite the rhetoric of reform, its political and bureaucratic elites deny there is anything basically wrong and run the country as a pension state focused on an aging population. Problems are described as isolated, and solutions take an inordinate amount of time. Seven years into a severe banking crisis, Tokyo is just now passing legislation to create a Resolution Trust Corp.-type unit. Meanwhile, the unemployment rate soars to new records. Among men, who constitute most of the labor force, it hit 4.3% in May. It is worse for the young. The jobless rate for men 15 to 24 years old rose to 8.4%.Foreign investment should be pouring in to reinvigorate growth, but little is allowed. Mergers and acquisitions should be consolidating companies, but few are permitted. Immigrants should be arriving to give new life to society and support the elderly, but they are forbidden. Outside CEOs should be taking over failing corporations, but is not accepted. As much as China is invigorated, Japan is stultified. The contrast is startlingSOUTHEAST ASIA is in agony. A huge nascent middle class is being pushed back into poverty. Depression is looming. Indonesia is deindustializing, with people leaving cities to return to villages. Chinese merchants are fleeing (up to 100,000 have left). Overseas Chinese capital that funded much of Southeast Asia’s past three decades of growth is drying up.2. FRAMEWORK AGREEMENT (15分)The Framework Agreement is made up of six parts that lay out the basic parameters of the GATS. The six parts deal with (1) the scope and definition of GATS, (2) general obligations, and disciplines of member states, (3) obligations and disciplines concerning specific commitments of member states, (4) a schedule for progressively liberalizating the world’s trade in services, (5) the institutional structure for implementing the GATS, and (6) miscellaneous provisions.While much of the GATS is based on the provisions in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and uses much of the same terminology, the “architecture” of the Agreement is significantly different. Unlike GATT, which provides for a single set of the obligations that apply to all measures affecting trade in goods, the GATS contains two sets of obligations: (1) a set of general principles and rules that apply to all measures affecting trade in services and (2) a set of principles and rules that apply only to specific sectors and subsectors listed in a member state’s Schedule. The consequence of this division of obligations is that the principles and rules in the GATS, as we shall see, are less “binding” than those in the GATT.3. PURPOSES OF TAXATION (15分)Taxation schemes are usually created for three basic purposes: (1) to raise revenue for government; (2) to encourage, regulate, or restrict local or foreign investment; and (3) to protect consumers or local producers.The rationale most commonly used for adopting or changing a particular tax scheme is to improve revenues. For example, the multinational oil companies that discovered and developed the petroleum industry in the Middle East encouraged the local governments to impose a corporate income tax. Although this seems irrational at first blush, it was a sound financial move. The countries, rather than taking a percentage royalty on profits (which was the arrangement originally agreed to),imposed an income tax on profits at a slightly higher percentage. The result was an increase in income for both the companies and the countries. This was because the companies could use the taxes they paid to the Middle East countries to offset the taxes they paid to their home-country governments. (Royalties, by contrast, cannot-in most countries-be used to offset corporate income taxes.) This meant that the companies paid fewer taxes at home and, even though they were paying more to the host countries, their after-tax profits were larger. A second example is the value-added tax (VAT), which generally produces greater revenues than a sales tax. In the last thirty years, some forty countries havetched to, or adopted directly, a VAT.By contrast, the most difficult tax scheme for governments to alter is one that protects local products. Producers are commonly able to lobby the government to maintain a particular scheme, even though it may run contrary to other governmental objectives. However, the protection of local producers is not necessarily a frivolous rationale for a tax scheme, even in times of increased international trade.4. PAYMENT TERMS （15分）Unless otherwise agreed in writing, or implied from a prior course of dealing between the parties, payment of the price and of any other sums due by the Buyer to the Seller shall be on open account and time of payment shall be 30 days from the date of invoice. The amount due shall be transferred, unless otherwise agreed, by teletransmission to the Seller’s bank in the Seller’s country for the account of the Seller and the Buyer shall be deemed to have performed his payment obligations when the respective sums due have been received by the Seller’s bank in immediately available funds.If the parties have agreed on payment in advance, without further indication, it will be assumed that such advance payment, unless otherwise agreed, refers to the full price, and that the advance payment must be received by the Weller’s bank in immediately available funds at least 30 days before the agreed date of delivery or the earliest date within the agreed delivery period. If advance payment has been agreed only for a part of the contract price, the payment conditions of the remaining amount will be determined according to the rules set forth in this article.5. TYPES OF DIVIEDNDS (15分)Cash Dividends. The most customary type of dividend is the cash dividend declared and paid at regular intervals depending in amount upon the policy of the board of directors and earnings of the enterprise. References to “regular” dividends in a charter or contract are considered as referring to a distribution of the earned surplus in the form of cash. While dividends are almost invariably paid in cash, in a few instances a distribution of earnings has been made to shareholders in the form of property and has been termed a property dividend. On one occasion, a distillery declared and paid a dividend in bonded whiskey.Stock Dividends. A stock dividend is a ratable distribution of additional shares of the capital stock of the corporation to its shareholders. It is reflected on the books of the corporation by a reduction is surplus account equal to the amount of the stock dividend and a corresponding increase in the stated capital account. The practical and legal significance of a stock dividend differs greatly from a dividend payable in cash or property. Following the payment of a stock dividend, the assets of the corporation are no less than they were before, and the shareholder does not have any greater relative interest in the net worth of the corporation than he had before except possibly where the dividend is paid in shares of a different class. His shares will each represent a smaller proportionate interest in the assets of the corporation, but by reason of the increase in the number of shares his total investment will remain the same. The declaration and payment of a stock dividend means that surplus which may have been previously available for distribution or other uses is thereafther frozen in stated capital. A stock dividend should not be confused with a stock split. By the latter, each of the issued and outstanding shares is simply broked up into a greater number of shares, each representing aproportionately smaller interest in the corporation. A stock split effects no change in the stated capital or in the surplus account. Where there is more than one class of shares outstanding it is possible for either a stock dividend or a stock split in one class to alter the relative voting strength of the different classes.6. SAVINGS AND INFLATION (20分)The greater part of the research, however, has been into the relationship between inflation and the savings ratio. Most of the studies have found a positive connection between these two variables, but there is some disagreement as to why the inflation rate should affect the savings ratio.One theory (Deaton 1977) explains the relationship in terms of consumers failing to perceive the actual rate of inflation. The suggestion is that consumers underestimate the average price level and are therefore unduly shocked at the apparently “excessive” rise in the price of particular commodities. Until such time as consumers recognize the true (and higher) level of average prices, purchases of these commodities will have been cut back in response to the assumed sharp increase in individual prices. Savings will therefore rise as a result of this “inflation surprise” effect. This theory suggests that it is unanticipated inflation that matters, so that the effect on consumption, and therefore savings, will be particularly strong in the early stages of inflation when the rate of inflation is accelerating.A study by Bulkley (1981) has supplemented the above theory, showing that even if inflation is fully anticipated the savings ratio will still increase as long as anticipated inflation is itself increasing. Even if inflation is fully anticipated, workers’s real wages will still have fluctuated throughout the year, since money wages are usually set on only one occasion in the year. Real wages will therefore be at a maximum when the money wage is first set, falling to a minimum a year later as prices progressively rise. In order to smooth out his or her real consumption pattern over the year, an individual will save more each week early in the contract period, and correspondingly less later in the contract period. If inflation is constant, and if wage contracts are spread evenly over the year, then the additional savings of some will cancel out the reduced savings of others, and there will be no aggregate effect on the savings ratio. However, when anticipated inflation is increasing and with it the money wage, then the extra savings by shoes who have recently received higher wage awards will more than offset the reduction in the savings of those nearing the end of their nominal wage contracts and the savings ratio will rise.

-- 对外经济贸易大学 2000年攻读硕士研究生入学考试 国际贸易综合试题(金融学为相同试题) 一, 简单准确解释下列名词　（每题３分，共24分） 1, 市场失灵 2, 机会成本 3, 李嘉图的比较成本说 4, 规模报酬 5, 欧洲货币市场 6, 加工贸易 7, 反倾销税 8, 联系汇率制 二, 以下各题的答案中, 只有一个是合适的, 请选择你认为合适的答案, 并在编号字母上划√号 (1分/题, 共10分) 1, 外汇的购买者或出卖者在合约的有效期内任何一天,只可要求银行实行交割的外汇业务是: A择期业务; B期权业务; C远期外汇业务; D掉期业务 2, 以下外汇风险管理方法中, 可同时消除时间风险和货币风险的是: A借款法; B远期合同法; C提前收付法; D投资法 3, 下列个项中, ( )不是构成共同海损的条件: A共同海损的危险必须是真实存在的, 并威胁到船货的共同安全; B采取的牺牲是有意义的,而且是合理的; C所付出的牺牲和支付的费用产生了效果; D共同海损必须是船和货都遭受了损失 4, 本票和汇票的区别在于: A本票是书面支付承诺, 汇票是书面支付命令; B本票都是即期付款, 汇票有即期和远期之分; C本票的付款人都是银行, 汇票的付款人不一定是银行; D 本票的付款是有条件的, 汇票的付款是无条件的 5, 李斯特提出的保护对象是: A农业; B能与外国竞争的产品; C不能与外国竞争的幼稚产业; D传统工业 6, 世界贸易组织于( )建立本运行: A1947; B1993; C1994; D1995 7, 经济学中的“短期”和“长期”是根据下列哪一个条件划分的: A生产周期的时间长短; B生产要素在一定时期内是否可全部调整; C产量在一定时期内是否可以调整; D生产规模在一定时期内是否可以调整 8, 正常商品价格上升导致需求量减少的原因在于: A替代效应使需求量增加, 收入效应使需求量减少; B替代效应使需求量增加, 收入效应使需求量增加; C替代效应使需求量减少, 收入效应使需求量减少; D替代效应使需求量减少, 收入效应使需求量增加 9, 洛美协定是欧盟与( )签署的特殊贸易优惠协定: A非洲发展中国家; B加勒比地区发展中国家; C非洲、加勒比和太平洋发展中国家; D南太平洋发展中国家 10, 当一国经济处于IS曲线左侧,LM曲线右侧时: A,I>S,L>M; B,I>S,L<M; C,I<S,L<M; D,I<S,L>M 三, 下列各题的答案中,有若干个是合适的,请选择你认为合适的答案,并在括号内划√. (1分/题, 共10分) 1, 公共产品与私人产品的区别为: ( ) A公共产品应由政府部门提供, 而私人产品是由私人提供 ( ) B公共产品的消费者是公共部门, 而私人产品的消费者是私人经济行为者 ( ) C公共产品的消费者具有非排他性, 而私人产品的消费者具有排他性 ( ) D公共产品的消费者具有非抗争性, 而私人产品的消费者具有抗争性 2, 周期性失业是指: A由于某些行业生产的季节性变动所引起的失业. B由于劳动力市场结构的特点, 劳动力的流动不能适应劳动力需求的变动所引起的失业. C由于总需求不足所引起的短期失业. D由于在现行工资水平和工作条件下仍找不到工作的失业 3, 下列有关分期装运(shipment by installment)的说法中, 与惯例的规定相符的是: A规定分期装运时, 只需在条款中规定允许或不允许; B 分期装运条款中要规定每批货的数量和交货时间; C 规定分期装运时, 每批货的交货数量必须相等; D 任何一期未按规定装运, 信用证从该期开始作废 4, 当被保险人投保水渍险时, 保险人承保的范围包括: A保险标的实际全损和推定全损; B因意外事故导致的部分损失; C因自然灾害导致的部分损失; D外来风险所造成的货物损失. 5, 总需求曲线上国民收入与价格水平的配合要求: A国民收入与价格同方向变动; B国民收入与价格反方向变动; C商品市场和货币市场同时均衡; D利率和名义货币供给量保持不变. 6, 一国的国际储备通常包括: A该国保有的可兑换货币及其表示的支付凭证和信用凭证; B居民手中的外汇; C在IMF中的储备头寸; D特别提款权. 7, 保护贸易的利益主要有: A增加就业机会; B形成相互有利的国际分工; C促进竞争, 组织垄断; D有利于贸易条件的改善. 8, 与固定汇率制相比, 浮动汇率制的主要优点有: A汇率能发挥其调节国际收支的杠杆作用; B有助于消除外汇投机; C减少对外汇储备的需要; D有助于保持货币政策的稳定性. 9, 在均衡国民收入水平上: A计划投资等于非计划投资; B存货投资等于零; C非计划存货投资等于零; D 计划存货投资等于非计划存货投资. 10, 下列离岸金融中心中, 属于集中性中心的是: A伦敦; B香港; C新加坡; D国际银行设施. 四, 判断下列各题的叙述是否正确, 正确的在括号内划√, 错误的划×.(1分/题, 共8分) 1,有差别存在就会有垄断, 但有差别的产品之间并不存在垄断 ( ) 2, 垄断厂商在实现短期均衡时, 可能会出现亏损, 即经济利润为负 ( ) 3, 国际商会新颁布的《2000通则》中规定, 按照PAS条件成交时, 由买方自负风险和费用办理货物出口的清关手续 ( ) 4, 马克思指出:“对外贸易的扩大,虽然在资本主义生产方式的幼年时期是这种生产方式的基础, 但在资本主义生产方式的发展中, 由于这种生产方式的外在必然性, 由于这种生产方式要求不断扩大市场, 他成为这种生产方式本身的产物.”( ) 5, 晚期重商主义也为贸易平衡论. ( ) 6, 托收方式下, 银行只是作为受托人替出口人收款,它没有检查单据的义务,因此, 如果出口人出具伪造单据, 造成进口人的损失, 银行不承担责任. ( ) 7, 在寄售方式下, 寄售人和代销人之间签订的寄售协议属于行纪合同的性质. ( ) 8, 汇率变化会对所有的外币资产或负债产生影响, 因而, 所有的外币资产和负债都要承担风险. ( ) 五, 填空 (1分/空, 共9分) 1, 外汇风险可以分为会计风险, _____和_____三种. 2, 哈罗德认为一个国家的经济增长率取决于____和____. 3, 生产要素的需求特点主要表现为____,____. 4, 根据美国《1988年综合贸易法》, 如果发现别国侵犯了美国的知识产权, 可引用______进行报复. 5, 对于单个厂商来说, 只有在_____市场结构中, 厂商的平均收益、边际收益和_____才相等. 六, 回答以下两个问题 (6分/题, 共12分) 1, 在80年代以前, 美国农产品的需求主要来自其他国家, 据统计, 1981年美国的小麦供给为: QS=1800+P 小麦的总需求为: QD=3550-266P 小麦的国内需求为: Qd=1000-46P 其中价格的单位为美元/蒲式耳, 数量为百万蒲式耳/年. 试分析: (1),小麦的市场均衡价格和数量为多少? (2), 若小麦的出口需求下降了40%, 美国小麦的市场价格会发生什么变化? 为什么美国农民为此担忧? (3), 1985年美国政府价格支持计划使小麦价格维持在3美元/蒲式耳, 如果没有出口需求, 政府应每年购买多少小麦? 这将使政府每年花费多少钱? 2, 假设某经济的消费函数为Ｃ＝100＋0.8Ｙ（其中Ｙ为个人可支配收入），投资Ｉ＝100，政府购买支出Ｇ＝200，政府转移支付ＴＲ＝62.5（单位均为10亿美元），税率t=0.25. 问: (1) 均衡国民收入是多少? (2) 投资乘数和政府税收乘数分别是多少? (3) 当政府将一笔支出用在政府购买上对国民收入的影响是否和将这一笔支出用在政府转移支付上对国民收入的影响一样, 为什么? 七, 论述下列问题 (7分) 1, 按我国新颁布的《合同法》的规定, 合同可以以什么形式订立? 合同中应包括哪些条款? 八, 回答以下两个问题 (请将每题的叙述限制在1000字以内. 10分/题, 共20分) 1, 李嘉图提出“比较成本说”的前提条件是什么? 2, 世界贸易组织的职能有哪些?

对外经济贸易大学 2001年攻读硕士研究生入学考试 金融学综合试题 一, 填空(每空1分,共10分) 1, 当某一厂商使用劳动L和资本K两种可变要素进行一种产品生产时, 厂商实现劳动和资本要素最佳投入的条件是____. 2, 对单个厂商来说, 只有在____市场结构中,厂商的平均收益、边际收益和价格相等. 3, 货币学派把_____作为货币政策的唯一控制指标, 该政策建议被称为_____. 4, 进口国对倾销商品征收的反倾销税必须具备的条件为_______, ______. 5, 金融工具的基本特征是风险性、收益性、____性和____性. 6, 《国际货币基金协定》条款规定: 当一种货币在货币基金组织的库存下降到该会员国份额的75%以下时, 货币基金组织可将该会员国宣布为_____, 并按逆差国的需要进行限额分配, 逆差国有权对该国货币采取临时的______. 二, 判断下列各题的叙述是否正确, 正确的在每小题前面的括号内划√,错误的划×(每小题1分,共10分) 1, ( ) 当厂商以降低产品价格增加销售量时, 一定会带来销售额的增加. 2, ( ) 公共产品与私人产品的区别在于: 公共产品应由政府部门提供, 而私人产品是由私人企业生产. 3, ( 　)　货币投机需求曲线向下方倾斜是因为较底的利率增加了持有货币的机会成本． ４，（　）在其他条件不变的情况下，自发性净出口的增加可导致ＩＳ曲线向右移动． ５，（　）依照总贸易体制，以国境为标准统计进口，凡进入国境的商品，不论其是否办理通关手续，一律列入进口，作为总进口的一部分． ６，（　）进口替代贸易发展模式是指以进口产品取代国内生产的同类产品的贸易发展模式． ７，（　）一般只有在交易所不十分健全完善的国家才有大量证券交易在场外进行． ８，（　）理论上说，国际收支的不平衡指自主性交易的不平衡，但在统计上很难做到． ９，（　）买方期权和卖方期权是同一期权交易的两个方面． １０，（　）扬基债券和武士债券分别是在美国和日本发行的两种欧洲债券． 三、单项选择题（将正确答案填在括号内，每题１分，共７分） １， 既考虑到出口商品劳动生产率的变化，又考虑到进口商品劳动生产率变化的贸易条件为： Ａ收入贸易条件； Ｂ单项因素贸易条件； Ｃ净贸易条件； Ｄ双项因素贸易条件 答案（　） ２， 按国内价格与进口价格之间的差额征收的关税为： Ａ最惠国税； Ｂ普惠税； Ｃ特惠税； Ｄ差价税 答案（　） ３， 普遍优惠制的三个基本原则是： Ａ普遍的、非歧视的、互惠的； Ｂ普遍的、附加条件的、对等的； Ｃ普遍的、非歧视的、非互惠的； Ｄ有选择的、附加条件的、对等的 答案（　） ４， 欧洲联盟对农畜产品征收差价税，按照（　）的差额征收． Ａ指标价格与进口价格；Ｂ门槛价格与进口价格；Ｃ指标价格与门槛价格；Ｄ干预价格与进口价格 答案（　） ５， 当处于通货膨胀和国际收支逆差的经济状况时，应采取下列什么政策搭配： Ａ紧缩国内支出，本币升值；Ｂ扩张国内支出，本币贬值；Ｃ扩张国内支出，本币升值；Ｄ紧缩国内支出，本币贬值 答案（　） ６， 假设美国投资者投资英镑ＣＤ，６个月收益５%，此间英镑贬值９%，则投资英镑的有效收益率为： Ａ１４．４５%； Ｂ-４．４５%； Ｃ１４%； Ｄ-４%． 答案（　） ７， 当一个注册地点为中国大陆的公司在香港联交所上市时，我们称该公司为： Ａ，Ａ股上市公司 Ｂ，Ｂ股上市公司； Ｃ，红筹股上市公司； Ｄ，Ｈ股上市公司 答案（　） 四，多项选择题（将正确的答案填在括号内，每题１分，共７分） １， 邓宁的国际生产折衷理论认为，企业欲进行有利的海外投资活动必须具备： Ａ所有权优势；Ｂ内部化优势；Ｃ比较优势；Ｄ区位优势 答案（　） ２， 在现代贸易条约与协定中，最常见的最惠国待遇适用的例外包括： Ａ边境贸易；Ｂ沿海贸易；Ｃ关税同盟；Ｄ过境贸易 答案（　） ３， 乌拉圭回合达成的《服务贸易总协定》，将服务贸易定义为： Ａ过境交付；Ｂ境外消费；Ｃ商业存在；Ｄ自然人流动答案（　） ４， 下列业务属于商业银行表外业务的是： Ａ承兑业务；Ｂ融资租赁；Ｃ远期业务；Ｄ存款业务 答案（　） ５， 下列属于货币市场工具的是： Ａ商业票据；Ｂ公司债券；Ｃ股票；Ｄ国库券 答案（　） ６， 欧洲货币市场境内和境外业务一体型的代表是： Ａ纽约；Ｂ伦敦；Ｃ新加坡；Ｄ香港 答案（　） ７， １９９９年１２月，美国总统克林顿签署文件，批准了参众两院先前通过的《金融服务现代化法案》，该法案： Ａ是１９３３年通过的《格拉斯－斯蒂格尔》法案的修正案；Ｂ最大的特点是取消商业银行业、证券业和保险业之间的界限；Ｃ仍然禁止商业银行业、证券业的混业经营；Ｄ是在美国银行业由于法律限制而发展趋缓的条件下制定的 答案（　） 五，简单准确解释下列名词　（每题３分，共１８分） １， 挤出效应 ２， Restrictive Business Practice ３， 金融工程 ４， 收益资本化 ５， 外汇缓冲政策 ６， 马歇尔—勒纳条件 六，简述题　（每题６分，共１2分） 1, 简述美国反倾销法中的“公平价格”标准. 2, 新古典宏观经济学的货币周期理论和实际经济周期理论的主要观点是什么? 七，论述题（每题１０分，共２０分） 1, 何为利率市场化? 试分析我国利率市场化的条件和意义. 2, 垄断是由什么原因造成的? 为什么说垄断造成了市场失灵? 政府能够采取有效的措施限制垄断吗? 为什么? 八, 案例分析题（第１题8分，第２题８分，共16分） 1, 设纽约市场上美元年利率为8%, 伦敦市场上英镑年利率为6%, 纽约外汇市场上即期汇率为1英镑=1.6025-1.6035美元, 三个月英镑升水为30-50点, 求: (1), 三个月的远期汇率; (2), 若一投资者拥有10万英镑, 投资于纽约市场, 采用掉期交易来规避风险, 应如何操作? (3), 比较(2) 中的投资方案与直接投资于伦敦市场两种情况,哪一种方案获利更多? 2, 美国的Sal’s 卫星公司向洛杉矶和纽约的订户发送电视节目. 洛杉矶和纽约订户的市场需求曲线分别为: QLA=80-(2/3)PLA QNY=50-(1/3)PNY 式中, Q以千户/年计, P是年定价. Sal’s卫星公司提供发送电视节目的服务成本为: C=1000+30Q 其中, Q =QLA+QNY 问: (1), 在两个市场是分开的情况下,保证洛杉矶和纽约市场利润最大化的价格和数量分别是多少? (2), 美国五角大楼部署了一颗新卫星,使居住在洛杉矶的人可以直接收到Sal’s公司在纽约发送的节目, 而居住在纽约的人也可以直接收到Sal’s公司在洛杉矶发送的节目,这样纽约或洛杉矶的任何人只要在任一城市付费就可收到Sal’s公司的节目, 因此Sal’s公司只能定单一的价格. Sal’s公司的单一价格为多少? 它在纽约和洛杉矶能销售多少数量? (3), 上两种销售情况哪一种对Sal’s公司来说利润更大?

-- 对外经济贸易大学 2002年攻读硕士研究生入学考试 金融学综合试题 一, 填空(每空1分,共9分) 1, 在某一垄断竞争行业中,个厂商所生产的产品既存在____, 同时又具有____. 2, 以收益形式表现的生产要素边际生产力被称为____. 3, 凯恩斯主义认为, ______是西方国家最通常使用的, 最主要的货币政策工具. 4, 普惠制条件下, 受惠国向给惠国输出的商品享受关税优惠的程度取决于普惠税与____税之间的差额. 5, 按照目前我国贷款风险分类标准, 贷款分为正常类, ___类, ____类, 可疑类和损失类. 6, 世界贸易组织在金融领域所追求的两大目标是____和____. 二, 判断下列各题的叙述是否正确, 正确的在每小题前面的括号内划√,错误的划×(每小题1分,共10分) 1、 ( )当录像机的价格上升时, 录像带的需求量会减少,这是因为录像机和录像带之间存在着替代性. 2、( )厂商增加一单位产量时所增加的可变成本等于边际成本. 3、( )在均衡的国民收入水平上,非计划存货投资和计划存货投资都必须等于零. 4、( )在开发经济中,一国只能通过实施货币政策而不是通过实施财政政策来实现充分就业和国际收支平衡. 5、( )长期性商品倾销往往有赖于规模经济或政府出口补贴的支持. 6、( )国际贸易额是世界各国进口额与出口额的总和. 7、( )在金融市场上, 短期利率的波动一般要大于长期利率, 但长期债券的价格比短期债券的价格更不稳定. 8、( )根据中国人民银行的规定，证券交易保证金帐户存款属于我国货币统计中Ｍ１的组成部分． ９、（　）蒙代尔－弗来明模型认为，在浮动汇率制、货币自由流动和货币自主权之间存在着三难选择． １０、（　）金融服务附录规定，审慎监管措施受服务贸易总协定其他条款的限制． 三、单项选择题（将正确答案填在括号内，每题１分，共７分） 1,等成本线向内移动表明 Ａ、产量降低了； Ｂ、生产要素的价格按相同比例下降了； Ｃ、成本减少了； Ｄ、生产要素的价格啊不同比例下降了； 答案（　　）　 2, 有效关税率代表着对＿＿＿部分的有效保护． Ａ产品增殖； Ｂ最终产品； Ｃ原材料； Ｄ中间产品； 答案（　　） 3, 政府机构在采购货物时优先购买本国产品的政策，属于＿＿＿＿． Ａ歧视性政府采购政策； Ｂ进口押金制； Ｃ进出口国家垄断； Ｄ特许经营； 答案（　　） 4, 主要以吸收存款方式筹措资金的金融机构有＿＿＿． Ａ抵押银行； Ｂ投资银行； Ｃ储蓄银行； Ｄ开发银行； 答案（　　） 5, 属于间接融资工具的是＿＿＿． Ａ投资基金； Ｂ公司债券； Ｃ非金融公司商业票据； Ｄ国库券； 答案（　　） 6, 国际银行设施属于离岸金融中心的＿＿＿． Ａ功能中心； Ｂ基金中心； Ｃ名义中心； Ｄ收放中心； 答案（　　） 7, 择期业务与期权业务最主要的区别是＿＿＿． Ａ经营的机构少；Ｂ币种与金额所受限制不同；Ｃ能否放弃合约的自主权不同；Ｄ期限不同； 答案（　　） 四，多项选择题（将正确的答案填在括号内，每题２分，共６分） 1, 对外贸易政策由以下内容构成＿＿＿． Ａ对外贸易总政策； Ｂ产业政策； Ｃ商业政策； Ｄ进出口商品政策； Ｅ国别地区政策； 答案（　　） 2, 对证券公募与私募的比较表明＿＿＿． Ａ公募与私募均要遵守有关事实全部公开的原则； Ｂ私募较适合于中小公司证券的发行； Ｃ私募证券可直接上市； Ｄ公募要求证券评级； Ｅ公募证券不能进行柜台交易； 答案（　　） 3, 世界银行的资金来源除会员国交纳的股本外，还包括＿＿＿． Ａ借款； Ｂ份额； Ｃ债券转让； Ｄ利润收入； Ｅ捐赠收入； 答案（　　） 五，简单准确解释下列名词　（每题３分，共１５分） １， 价格歧视 ２， 收入贸易条件 ３， 要素价格均等化定理 ４， 流动性陷阱 ５， 特里芬难题 六，简述题　（每题６分，共１８分） １， 证明短期生产函数和短期成本函数的对偶关系，并简单说明它们的变动规律． ２， 简述《补贴与反补贴协议》中可申述补贴的含义． ３， 福费廷业务能给出口商带来哪些具体的利益？ 七，论述题（每题１０分，共２０分） １， 为什么中央银行要进行金融监管？其监管的主要内容是什么？ ２， 根据ＩＳ曲线方程和ＬＭ曲线方程推导总需求函数，并说明函数中的参数对总需求函数的影响及其经济学含义． 八，案例分析题（第１题７分，第２题８分，共15分） １， 某单位欲从国外商业银行筹措一年的贷款，购买机械设备，１年期美元贷款利率为10.125%，１年期欧元贷款利率为４%，根据权威机构预测在贷款期内美元将贬值８%，问该单位借美元有利还是借欧元有利？为什么？（列出演算过程） ２， 假设某经济的消费函数为Ｃ＝100＋0.8Ｙ（其中Ｙ为个人可支配收入），投资Ｉ＝100，政府购买支出Ｇ＝200，政府转移支付ＴＲ＝62.5（单位均为10亿美元），税率t=0.25. 问: (1) 均衡国民收入是多少? (2) 投资乘数和政府税收乘数分别是多少? (3) 当政府将一笔支出用在政府购买上对国民收入的影响是否和将这一笔支出用在政府转移支付上对国民收入的影响一样, 为什么?

-- 作者：qinghewalter333 -- 发布时间：2004-7-31 19:39:00 -- 2003国际贸易学综合试题 本试题意在测试考生的综合专业基础能力。考生在答题前，请认真阅读各题的要求 一、 填空（每空1.5分，共9分） 1、 商品的边际替代率是指，在（ ）不变的前提下，每增加一单位的某种商品而需要减少的另一种商品的数量。 2、 哈罗德认为一个国家的经济增长率取决于（ ）和（ ）。 3、 正常关税一般是指（ ）。 4、 一国持有国家储备的成本指（ ）与利息之差。 5、 IMF会员国的投票权主要取决于他们的（ ）。 二、 判断下列各题的叙述是否正确，正确的划勾，错误的划差。（每小题1.5分，共9分） 1、 垄断厂商在实现短期均衡时，可能会出现亏损，即经济利润为负。 2、 国民经济中只要有摩擦性事业或资源性事业存在，就不能说经济实现了充分就业。 3、 按照国际商会制定的《2000通则》中的D组贸易术语成交的合同均属于"到达合同"（Arrival Contract），在这类合同下， 卖方均无办理货运保险的义务。 4、 WTO《海关估价协议》规定了六种海关估价的办法，它们是进口商品的成交价格、相同商品的成交价格、类似商品的成交价格、 倒扣法、计算价格法和合理办法。 5、 2002年6月经中国人民银行批准，渣打银行成为首家获准向中国内地居民和企业提供外币服务的外资银行。 6、 择期是一种可以放弃合约履行的外汇业务。 三、 单项选择题（每题1.5分，共6分） 1、 在垄断厂商的长期均衡产量上可以有： A 、P >LAC B、 P <LAC C、 P 等于最小的LAC D、 以上情况都可能存在 2、 原产地规则是指： A、 某一国家或地区为确定货物生产过程的最后生产地点而实施的普遍适用的法律、法规及行政决定。 B、 某一国家或地区为确定货物的"国籍"而实施的普遍适用的法律、法规及行政决定。 C、 某一国家或地区为确定货物的原材料产地而实施的普遍适用的法律、法规及行政决定。 D、 某一国家或地区为确定货物的技术来源地而实施的普遍适用的法律、法规及行政决定。 3、 下列有关独家代理的说法中，正确的是： A、 委托人在代理区域内，还可指定其他的一般代理人 B、 委托人要维护代理人的独家专营权，否则要承担违约责任。 C、 委托人直接与代理区域内的客户订立合同时，代理人不能享受佣金。 D、 独家代理只能用于商品买卖中，一般代理可用于其他业务。 4、 当下列哪种情况出现时，货币贬值有利于改善贸易收支： 出口需求弹性DX，出口供给弹性SX，进口需求弹性DI，进口供给弹性SI A、 DX+DI>I B、 DX+DI< C、 SX+SI>I D、 SX+SI<I 四、 多项选择题（每题2.5分，共10分） 1、 下列哪些项目可计入GDP： A、 政府转移支付 B、 购买一辆新的载重卡车 C、 购买一辆新的载重卡车模型玩具 D、 购买一块地产 2、 出口管制的商品主要包括： A、 战略物资及其有关的先进技术资料，如武器，军事设备等 B、 对国内生产所需的原材料、半成品及国内市场供应不足的某些必需品 C、 密集使用本国丰裕生产要素的产品 D、 某些重要的文物、艺术品、黄金、白银等特殊品 3、 根据国际惯例，下列有关可转让信用证的说明中，正确的是： A、 可转让信用证的受益人可以将信用证金额转让给一个或一个以上的人使用 B、 可转让信用证的转让以一次为限，因此只有第一和第二受益人没有第三受益人 C、 可转让信用证中必须注明可转让（Transferable）字样，否则不能转让 D、 可转让信用证的第二受益人因故不能履约时，也不能将信用证转回给第一受益人 4、 套汇的主要方式有： A、 两角套汇 B、 三角套汇 C、 套利 D、 套期保值 五、 简单准确解释下列名词（每题4分，共16分） 1、 局部均衡和一般均衡 2、 机会成本 3、 技术性贸易壁垒 4、 根本性违约 六、 论述与分析题（第1题10分，第2、3题各15分，第4题10分，共50分） 1、 国际储备管理的原则和内容是什么？ 2、 如何理解经济全球化条件下各国贸易政策的竞争与协调关系。 3、 假定某一化工厂生产的产品需求函数为：P=600-2Q,成本函数为CP=3Q^2-400Q+40000 （1） 求利润最大时的产量、价格和利润 （2） 若由于外部不经济（环境污染）使社会受到损失从而使社会成本函数为 CS=4.25Q^2-400Q+40000试求帕累托最优 的产量和价格应为多少： （3） 简单说明外部不经济对资源配置效率的影响，政府应该相应采取什么措施解决外部不经济问题？ 4、 某年9月中旬，A公司有一机器设备要出售，向国外某客户B公司发盘。发盘中介绍了设备情况，报了价格，并规定发盘 有效期为9月底之前。B公司研究了发盘条件 ，认为可以接受，但没有向发盘人表示接受的意向，而是派代理人直接到A公司所 在地办理购买手续并安排接运设备事宜。但在20日，C公司得知A公司要出售设备的消息，便派人到现场付款后提货。9月25日B 公司的代理人赶到A公司所在地时，发现所要设备已被他人提走，便要求A公司赔偿他的损失。对此A公司认为双方之间没有合同 关系，予以拒绝。请问，B公司是否有权向A公司索赔？并请说明理由。 七、 专业英语（英译中，第1题15分，第2题15分，第3题20分，共50分） 1.let\'s really clean up those numbers----now Little noticed in the shock of WorldCom Inc.\'s massive accounting fraud is that it came to light only after a review initiated by the company\'s audit committee. Yes, believe it or not, the directors in the boardroom actually asked their auditors to take another look at the numbers. Lo and behold, that review let to the largest single restatement ever: a $3.8 billion reduction in previously reported pretax income. Together with Xerox Corp\'s recent concession that it overstated operating earnings by $1.4billion, these two corporate meaculpas alone nearly match the combined total hit of $5.8 billion from all 463 restatements in 1998,1999, and 2000. How much worse can it get? Plenty. It\'s not that we\'ll likely see numbers as breathtaking as those as WorldCom or Xerox. But expect a tidal wave of restatements to come in what will surely amount to some sort of accounting chatharsis. If ever there was a time for companies to come clean, it\'s now. Over the years, the quality of financial reporting has varied widely. Some companies did the bare minimum to meet accounting standards. Others were more cautious. To get beyond the current stock market malaise, companies need to flush out the excesses so investors can regain their confidence in our financial system. It\'s better to take a hit now than risk dragging this out over the next few years. 2.Happy birthday, Milton Friedman Milton Friedman\'s professional career has been marked by controversy over his many policy proposals. Yet as he approaches his 90th birthday, Friedman is increasingly recognized as the most influential economist in a 20th century that witnessed towering contributions from John Maynard Keynes, Paul A. Samuelson, and others. Friedman is best known for "monetarism", a view that stability in the growth of the money supply is crucial to controlling inflation and recessions. Although the relation between the money supply and the economy has often been highly variable, no less an authority than Fedral Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan has indicated that Friedman\'s emphasis on a stable monetary framework was instrumental in guiding central banks in Europe and the U.S. toward low inflation during the pass two decades. Before Friedman, economic conventional wisdom held that inflation reduces unemployment because prices rise faster than labor costs. In the late 1960s, Friedman argued instead that there is no permanent reduction in unemployment from continuing inflation because wages eventually catch up to prices as expectations about inflation become more accurate. His analysis has been validated twice since then----by the high U.S. the \'90 even though inflation was negligible. Two decades before Chile introduces its revolutionary private individual account retirement system, Friedman\'s classic 1962 book Capitalism and Freedom criticized the prevailing pay-as-you -go Social Security systems for restricting the ability of individuals to choose how much and in what form to save for retirement, and for mixing a welfare program for elderly poor with a compulsory program that applies to all the elderly. Has his advice been followed twenty years ago, there would be no impending Social Security financing crisis in the U.S. and other developed nations with aging population. 3. Are Force Majeure Clauses Exclusion Clauses? In order to differentiate an exclusion or limitation clause from a force majeure clause we must first define exactly what we mean by exclusion clauses and examine their effect on the contractual relations of the parties. We might then usefully compare the operation of exception clauses to that of force majeure clauses. A tripartite distinction between different types of clause was as follows: " Protective conditions are three distinct types: first, those which limit or reduce what would otherwise be the defendant\'s duty; second, those which exclude the defendant\'s liability for breach of specified aspects of that duty, and third, those which limit the extent to which the defendant is bound to indemnify the plaintiff in respect of the consequences of breaches of that duty." The difference between the first two categories is said to be this: in the first case there is no breach of contract since there is no obligation to perform in the circumstances which have arisen, whilst in the second case there is a breach but the liability to pay damages in respect of it has been removed. Force majeure clauses, it seems, go to limit the extent of the obligation assumed by the promisor. They do not operate so as to shield a promisor from liability for a breach of contract. A force majeure clause will ensure that non-performance is no breach because no performance was due in the circumstances that have occurred.