做过托福阅读的同学都知道，在做题的时候，我们往往不需要先通读全文，而是看到具体的题之后到相应的段落中去寻找答案。                                                                                                                     　　李新一：英语语言文学学士，英语专业八级，持有高级英语教师资格证，有着扎实的专业功底；热爱英语，热爱教学并多年从事英语教育行业，具有丰富的教学经验。讲课思路清晰，逻辑性强；细心耐心，诲人不倦；亲切幽默，独具风格。善于发生学生问题，挖掘问题的根源，针对学生特点量身制定学习计划，做到短期内有效提分。

                       

　　做过

　　1. 总分关系
　　上下两段意思方面相同，相比之下，上一个段落主要内容比下一个段落更具有概括性。
　　段1　Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale. The fossil was officially named Pakicetus in honor of the country where the discovery was made. Pakicetus was found embedded in rocks formed from river deposits that were 52 million years old. The river that formed these deposits was actually not far from an ancient ocean known as the Tethys Sea.
　　段2 The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte, an extinct group of an-cestors of modern cetaceans. Although limited to a skull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans. The skull is cetacean-like but its jawbones lack the enlarged space that is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater sound in modern whales. Pakicetus probably detected sound through the ear opening as in land mammals. The skull also lacks a blowhole, another cetacean adaptation for diving. Other features, however, show experts that Pakicetus is a transitional form between a group of extinct flesh-eating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans. It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land.
　　解析：
　　段1中
　　首句最具有概述性，并提出：许多令人兴奋的发现允许科学家重建最可能的鲸的起源。
　　其他句子为对P化石发现的背景介绍。
　　段2中
　　第二句为为本段最概述性内容，表明P化石给鲸鱼起源提供许多宝贵细节。
　　其他句子相对第二句均为细节性内容。
　　段1与段2比较，段1更具有概括性,所以两段之间是总分的关系。
　　2. 并列关系
　　上下两段意思方面不同。
　　段1. Three other explanations seem more promising. One involves physiological changes relevant to memory. Maturation of the frontal lobes of the brain continues throughout early childhood, and this part of the brain may be critical for remembering particular episodes in ways that can be retrieved later. Demonstrations of infants’ and toddlers' long-term memory have involved their repeating motor activities that they had seen or done earlier, such as reaching in the dark for objects, putting a bottle in a doll’s mouth, or pulling apart two pieces of a toy. The brain’s level of physiological maturation may support these types of memories, but not ones requiring explicit verbal descriptions.
　　段2. A second explanation involves the influence of the social world on children’s language use. Hearing and telling stories about events may help children store information in ways that will endure into later childhood and adulthood. Through hearing stories with a clear beginning, middle, and ending children may learn to extract the gist of events in ways that they will be able to describe many years later. Consistent with this view, parents and children increasingly engage in discussions of past events when children are about three years old. However, hearing such stories is not sufficient for younger children to form enduring memories. Telling such stories to two year olds does not seem to produce long-lasting verbalizable memories.
　　解析：
　　段1中
　　首句最具概述性，提出：除此之外的三种解释更具有说服力，并且后面就提到了第一种观点，婴儿失忆症涉及记忆相关的生理变化
　　段2中
　　段首就提到了，这一段在讲第二种观点，认为婴儿失忆症与社会环境对孩子运用语言的影响相关。
　　段1与段2意思方面不同，为并列关系
　　了解了段与段之间的逻辑关系，有助于我们更好地把握文章上下文之间的联系，更准确地把握文章内容，帮助我们做对相应的题目。下篇文章中我们会从更加宏观的角度分析文章的篇章结构，帮助同学们更迅速也更加准确地应对文章小结题。