英文文献：Foreign aid volatility and lifelong learning-外援的反复无常和终身学习
英文文献作者：Simplice A. Asongu,Joseph I. Uduji,Elda N. Okolo-Obasi
英文文献摘要：
This paper has put a demand-side empirical structure to the hypothesis that foreign aid volatility adversely affects choices to lifelong learning in recipient countries. Lifelong learning is measured as the combined knowledge acquired during primary, secondary and tertiary educational enrolments. Three types of aggregate foreign aid volatilities are computed in a twofold manner: baseline standard deviations and standard errors (standard deviations of residuals after first-order autoregressive processes). An endogeneity robust system GMM empirical strategy is employed. The findings broadly show that foreign aid volatility does not adversely affect the demand-side choices of lifelong learning in Africa. As a policy implication, when faced with aid uncertainty, the demand for education would increase. This may be explained by the need for more self-reliance in order to mitigate income risks or/and the use of education as means of coping with uncertainty. More policy implications are discussed.

摘要本文提出了一个需求侧的实证结构，以假设外援的波动性对受援国终身学习的选择产生不利影响。终身学习的衡量标准是在小学、中学和高等教育注册期间获得的综合知识。三种类型的综合外援波动率以两种方式计算:基线标准差和标准误差(一阶自回归过程后残差的标准差)。采用了内生性鲁棒系统GMM经验策略。研究结果广泛地表明，外援的波动不会对非洲终生学习的需求方选择产生负面影响。作为政策暗示，当面临援助的不确定性时，对教育的需求会增加。这可能是由于需要更多的自力更生，以减轻收入风险或/和利用教育作为应付不确定性的手段。讨论了更多的政策含义。