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PART ONE INTRODUCTION TO BONDS
1 The Bond Instrument 3
The Time Value of Money . . 4
Basic Features and Definitions . . . . . . . 5
Present Value and Discounting . . . . . . . 6
Discount Factors . . . . . . . . 12
Bond Pricing and Yield: The Traditional Approach . . . . . . . . 15
Bond Pricing . . 15
Bond Yield . . . 19
Accrued Interest . 27
Clean and Dirty Bond Prices . . . . . . . 27
Day-Count Conventions . . 28
2 Bond Instruments and Interest Rate Risk 31
Duration, Modified Duration, and Convexity . . . 31
Duration . . . . . 32
Properties of Macaulay Duration . . . . 36
Modified Duration . . . . . . 37
Convexity . . . . 41
3 Bond Pricing and Spot and Forward Rates 47
Zero-Coupon Bonds . . . . . . 47
Coupon Bonds . . 49
Bond Price in Continuous Time . . . . . 51
Fundamental Concepts . . . 51
Stochastic Rates . . . . . . . . 54
Coupon Bonds 56
Forward Rates . . . 57
Guaranteeing a Forward Rate . . . . . . . 57
The Spot and Forward Yield Curve . . . 59
Calculating Spot Rates . . . 60
Term Structure Hypotheses . 63
The Expectations Hypothesis . . . . . . . 63
Liquidity Premium Hypothesis . . . . . . 65
Segmented Markets Hypothesis . . . . . 65
C O N T E N T S
4 Interest Rate Modeling 67
Basic Concepts . . 67
Short-Rate Processes . . . . . 68
Ito’s Lemma . . 70
One-Factor Term-Structure Models . . . 71
Vasicek Model . 71
Hull-White Model . . . . . . 72
Further One-Factor Term-Structure Models . . . . . 73
Cox-Ingersoll-Ross (CIR) Model . . . . 74
Two-Factor Interest Rate Models . . . . . 75
Brennan-Schwartz Model . 76
Extended Cox-Ingersoll-Ross Model . . 76
Heath-Jarrow-Morton (HJM) Model . 77
The Multifactor HJM Model . . . . . . . 78
Choosing a Term-Structure Model . . . . 79
5 Fitting the Yield Curve 83
Yield Curve Smoothing . . . 84
Smoothing Techniques . . . 86
Cubic Polynomials . . . . . . 87
Non-Parametric Methods . . 88
Spline-Based Methods . . . . 88
Nelson and Siegel Curves . 91
Comparing Curves . . . . . . . . 92
PART TWO SELECTED CASH AND DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS
6 Forwards and Futures Valuation 95
Forwards and Futures . . . . . . 95
Cash Flow Differences . . . 96
Relationship Between Forward and Futures Prices . 98
Forward-Spot Parity . . . . . . . 99
The Basis and Implied Repo Rate . . . 101
7 Swaps 105
Interest Rate Swaps . . . . . . 106
Market Terminology . . . . 107
Swap Spreads and the Swap Yield Curve . . . . . . . 109
Generic Swap Valuation . . . 112
Intuitive Swap Valuation . 112
Zero-Coupon Swap Valuation . . . . . . 113
Calculating the Forward Rate from Spot-Rate Discount Factors . . . . . . . 113
The Key Principles of an Interest Rate Swap . . . . 117
Valuation Using the Final Maturity Discount Factor . . . . . . . 118
Non–Plain Vanilla Interest Rate Swaps . . . . . . . . 119
Swaptions . . . . . 122
Valuation . . . 122
Interest Rate Swap Applications . . . . . 124
Corporate and Investor Applications . 124
Hedging Bond Instruments Using Interest Rate Swaps . . . . . 127
8 Options 133
Option Basics . . 134
Terminology . 136
Option Instruments . . . . . . 137
Option Pricing: Setting the Scene . . . 140
Limits on Option Prices . 141
Option Pricing . 142
The Black-Scholes Option Model . . . 144
Assumptions . 145
Pricing Derivative Instruments Using the Black-Scholes Model . . . . . . . 145
Put-Call Parity . . . . . . . . 149
Pricing Options on Bonds Using the Black-Scholes Model . . 149
Interest Rate Options and the Black Model . . . . . 152
Comments on the Black-Scholes Model . . . . . . . 155
Stochastic Volatility . . . . . 156
Implied Volatility . . . . . . 156
Other Option Models . . . . 157
9 Measuring Option Risk 159
Option Price Behavior . . . . 159
Assessing Time Value . . . 159
American Options . . . . . 160
The Greeks . . . . 161
Delta . . . . . . . 161
Gamma . . . . . 163
Theta . . . . . . 165
Vega . . . . . . . 165
Rho . . . . . . . . 166
Lambda . . . . . 168
The Option Smile . . . . . . . 169
Caps and Floors 170
10 Credit Derivatives 173
Credit Risk . . . . 175
Credit Risk and Credit Derivatives . . 175
Applications of Credit Derivatives . . . 177
Credit Derivative Instruments . . . . . . 178
Credit Default Swap . . . . 178
Credit Options . . . . . . . . 179
Credit-Linked Notes . . . . 180
Total Return Swaps . . . . . 181
Investment Applications . . 184
Capital Structure Arbitrage . . . . . . . . 184
Exposure to Market Sectors . . . . . . . . 184
Credit Spreads 184
Funding Positions . . . . . . 185
Credit-Derivative Pricing . 186
Pricing Total Return Swaps . . . . . . . . 187
Asset-Swap Pricing . . . . . 187
Credit-Spread Pricing Models . . . . . . 188
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