14. Cluster Analysis 451 14.1 Introduction, 451 14.2 Measures of Similarity or Dissimilarity, 452 14.3 Hierarchical Clustering, 455 14.3.1 Introduction, 455 14.3.2 Single Linkage (Nearest Neighbor), 456 14.3.3 Complete Linkage (Farthest Neighbor), 459 14.3.4 Average Linkage, 463 14.3.5 Centroid, 463 14.3.6 Median, 466 14.3.7 Ward’s Method, 466 14.3.8 Flexible Beta Method, 468 14.3.9 Properties of Hierarchical Methods, 471 14.3.10 Divisive Methods, 479 14.4 Nonhierarchical Methods, 481 14.4.1 Partitioning, 481 14.4.2 Other Methods, 490 14.5 Choosing the Number of Clusters, 494 14.6 Cluster Validity, 496 14.7 Clustering Variables, 497

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