contents
Abbreviations: Journals and Reports xi
Table of Cases xix
Table of Major Treaties and Other Instruments xxvii
1 international law and the environment 1
1 Introduction 1
2 Lawmaking Processes and Sources of Law 12
3 Overview 37
2 international governance and the formulation of
environmental law and policy 43
1 Introduction 43
2 Th e Development of International Environmental Policy 48
3 Th e UN and Environmental Governance 58
4 Other International Organizations 71
5 International Regulatory Regimes 84
6 Scientifi c Organizations 99
7 Non-Governmental Organizations 100
8 Conclusions 103
3 rights and obligations of states concerning
protection of the environment 106
1 Introduction 106
2 Sustainable Development: Legal Implications 115
3 Principles of Global Environmental Responsibility 128
4 Prevention of Pollution and Environmental Harm 137
5 Conservation and Sustainable Use of Natural Resources 190
6 Military Activities and the Environment 205
7 Conclusions 208
4 interstate enforcement: state responsibility, treaty
compliance, and dispute settlement 211
1 Introduction 211
2 State Responsibility for Environmental Damage 214
3 Treaty Compliance 237
4 Settlement of International Environmental Disputes 250
5 Conclusions 266
5 non-state actors: environmental rights,
liability, and crimes 268
1 Introduction 268
2 Human Rights and the Environment 271
3 Transboundary Environmental Rights 303
4 Harmonization of Environmental Liability 316
5 Corporate Environmental Accountability 326
6 Environmental Crimes 329
7 Conclusions 334
6 climate change and atmospheric pollution 335
1 Introduction 335
2 Transboundary Air Pollution 342
3 Protecting the Ozone Layer 349
4 Th e Climate Change Regime 356
5 Conclusions 377
7 the law of the sea and protection of the marine
environment 379
1 Introduction 379
2 Customary Law and the 1982 UNCLOS 386
3 Regional Protection of the Marine Environment 390
4 Marine Pollution from Ships 398
5 Pollution Incidents and Emergencies at Sea 423
6 Responsibility and Liability for Marine Pollution Damage 430
7 Conclusions 441
8 international regulation of toxic substances 443
1 Introduction 443
2 International Regulation of Toxic Chemicals 445
3 Protection of the Marine Environment from Toxic Substances 451
4International Trade in Hazardous Substances 473
5 Conclusions 486
9 nuclear energy and the environment 488
1 Introduction 488
2 Th e International Regulation of Nuclear Energy 492
3 Control of Transboundary Nuclear Risks 508
4 State Responsibility for Nuclear Damage 516
5 Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage 520
6 Conclusions 533
10 international watercourses: environmental
protection and sustainable use 535
1 Introduction 535
2 Protection of Watercourse Environments 547
3 Regional Cooperation and Environmental Regulation 572
4 Conclusions 580
11 conservation of nature, ecosystems, and biodiversity 583
1 Introduction 583
2 Concepts of Nature Conservation and Natural Resources 585
3 Th e Role of Law in the Protection of Nature 593
4 Codifi cation and Development of International Law on
Nature Protection 602
5 Th e Convention on Biological Diversity 612
6 Conclusions 648
12 conservation of migratory and land-based
species and biodiversity 650
1 Introduction 650
2 Implementation of Principles and Strategies through
Conservation Treaties 651
3 Signfi cance and Eff ectiveness of the Major Global
Wildlife Conventions 671
4 Post-UNCED Instruments for Conservation of
Nature and Biodiversity 692
5 Th e Regional Approach 696
6 Coordination of Conventions and Organs 697
7 Conclusions 698
13 conservation of marine living resources
and biodiversity 702
1 Introduction 702
2 Jurisdiction over Fisheries and Marine Mammals 706
3 Th e Development of International Fisheries Regimes 711
4 Th e 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 714
5 Post-UNCLOS Developments 730
6 Conservation of Marine Biodiversity 744
7 Conclusions 751
14 international trade and environmental protection 753
1 Introduction 753
2 Th e Multilateral Trading System 756
3 Multilateral Environmental Agreements and Trade Restrictions 766
4 Trade Restrictions to Protect Resources beyond National Jurisdiction 769
5 Trade Restrictions to Protect the Domestic Environment 778
6 Pollution Havens: Trade Restrictions to Improve the
Environment of Other Countries 788
7 Th e Export of Hazardous Substances and Wastes 793
8 Environmental Taxes 796
9 Th e TRIPS Agreement and the Biodiversity Convention 801
10 Conclusions 809
Bibliography 811
Index 833