一本介绍 Carbon Market 及其国际贸易的书，希望对读者有所帮助。

以下是目录：

Figures
1.1 Greenhouse effect 2
1.2 Evolution of temperature and CO2 concentration 4
1.3 Emissions and annual growth for main GHG emitters 6
1.4 Per capita GHG emissions 7
1.5 Sources of GHG emissions by sector (world) 8
1.6 Sources of GHG emissions by sector (EU15) 9
1.7 Radiative forcing from aircraft in 1992 11
1.8 Sources of global CO2 emissions since 1970 (world) 12
1.9 Evolution of greenhouse gas emissions since 1990 (EU15) 13
2.1 The externalities of energy production from fossil fuels 23
2.2 The economic benefits of emissions trading 27
2.3 A spectrum of policy instruments 29
2.4 Balancing pollution and abatement costs under uncertainty 33
2.5 Discount rates, decision making and policy choice 35
2.6 Recent oil price movements and forecast 38
2.7 Main steps in the innovation chain 41
2.8 Constitutive elements of a cap-and-trade emissions trading
scheme 45
2.9.1 Static baseline 54
2.9.2 Deteriorating baseline 54
2.9.3 Improving baseline 55
3.1 Monitoring of emissions data and emissions rights 76
3.2 Kyoto compliance test with Article 3.1 77
3.3 Baseline for a CDM project 79
3.4 Diagram of the operation of the CDM 80
3.5 Stages for a CDM project 87
3.6 Investment fund volumes since 1999 88
3.7 Investment funds in Kyoto credits 88
3.8 CERs prices on the secondary market 90
3.9 CERs projects registered by host country 93
3.10 Number of registered projects by business 95
3.11 Expected CERs by activity 95
3.12 JI project cycle 98
3.13 Expected ERUs by host country 99
3.14 Distribution by project activity 100
3.15 Expected ERUs by project activity 100
3.16 Distance between baseline and 2005 emissions for Annex B
countries 102
4.1 Evolution of EUAs prices 121
4.2 Differences between allocation and actual emissions (%) 122
4.3 Differences between allocation and actual emissions
(million EUAs) 123
4.4 Trade volumes by platform 124
4.5 Clean dark spread and clean spark spread in the
UK in 2005 126
4.6 Sharing of EU GHG emissions reduction target in 2020 129
4.7 Emissions in the aviation sector compared with total
emissions in the EU15 131
5.1 US regional initiatives 186
6.1 The evolution of the importance of federal issues in
Australia 200
6.2 Percentage change in emissions 1990–2006 201
6.3 Composition of Australian greenhouse gas emissions 202
6.4 Labour benefits from increased international pressure
on climate change 203
6.5 The structure of GGAS and key participants 208
6.6 State emissions of greenhouse gas pollution, 2006 209
6.7 NSW change in sectoral emissions 1990–2006 210
6.8 Change in energy industry emissions 1990–2006 210
6.9 NSW GGAS Energy Sector Emissions Benchmark 212
6.10 Supply of NSW abatement certificates and RECs used 215
6.11 Trends in the NGAC spot price 217
List of Figures, Tables and Boxes vii
6.12 CPRS scope 221
6.13 Sectoral impact of a likely emissions trading scenario 229
6.14 Proposed Australian carbon rights auction schedule 232
7.1 New Zealand experiences third highest emissions growth
worldwide (1999–2008) 245
7.2 Sector-by-sector change in New Zealand emissions 247
7.3 Composition of New Zealand emissions 247
7.4 Composition of Japanese emissions in 2006 259
7.5 Change in Japanese greenhouse emissions 1990–2000 259
7.6 Industrial share of JVETS 264
7.7 Operational structure of JVETS 265
7.8 Formulae for calculating emissions 265
8.1 Carbon offsets in the compliance and voluntary markets 276
8.2 Type of offsets projects in 2007 276
8.3 Geographical origins 277
8.4 Type of offsets credits 277
8.5 Estimates and projections of the market volume of
offsetting credits 278
8.6 Profile of buyers of offset credits 279
Tables
2.1 The relative strengths and weakness of regulatory standards,
emissions trading schemes and taxation 30
2.2 Oil prices and the carbon price equivalent 38
3.1 Commitments under the Kyoto Protocol 66
3.2 Burden sharing among EU15’s Member States 67
3.3 GWP for different GHGs according to the IPCC
Assessment Reports 70
3.4 Major authorized buyers in CDM projects 89
3.5 Transaction costs of a small-scale CDM 92
3.6 Renewables funding sources in developing countries 96
4.1 Limitations of GHG emissions in non-ETS sectors by
2020 in comparison with 2005 levels 135
5.1 Comparative table of the Bills in Senate 174
5.2 Comparative table of the Bills in the House of
Representatives 184
viii Carbon Markets: An International Business Guide
5.3 WCI emissions reduction goals in North American states 191
A6.1 NSW benchmark participants and status 241
A6.2 Change in output by sector by 2050 242
7.1 Proposed time frame for sector entry into NZ ETS 250
7.2 Indicative price changes on the economy of a carbon price 254
7.3 Participants in the Unified Emission Trading Scheme 268
8.1 Comparison of Defra and ADEME initiatives 285
Boxes
2.1 Commodifying the environment – whose ethics? 21
2.2 Why discount? 34
2.3 Path dependency and energy investment 39
2.4 ‘Free allocation’ of emissions rights to soften negative
competitiveness effects 47
2.5 The advantages of auctioning 49
2.6 Reduced emissions from deforestation in developing
countries 53
3.1 Contraction and Convergence 73
5.1 US federal legislative process 160
5.2 Emissions trading and border tariff adjustments 171
5.3 Hybrid cars and the US automotive industry 177
5.4 The Shrimp Turtle Case and environmental trade
restrictions 183
6.1 The Commonwealth Mandatory Renewable Energy Target
(MRET) Scheme 216
6.2 The trouble with emissions intensity rules 218
6.3 Managing the political risks of higher prices at the pump 223
6.4 Methodological approaches to measuring emissions
under the CPRS 225
6.5 A framework for international linking 234
7.1 Next generation cars in Japan 261
7.2 Japan’s Top Runner approach 262