英文文献：Does commercialization of smallholder horticulture reduce rural poverty? Evidence based on household panel data from Kenya-小农园艺商品化能减少农村贫困吗?证据基于肯尼亚的家庭面板数据
英文文献作者：Muriithi, Beatrice W.
英文文献摘要：
This study utilize two-wave household level panel data spanning 5 years on smallholder vegetable producers in Central and Eastern Kenya to assess the effects of commercialization of horticulture on two major poverty outcomes: household income and asset holdings. Methods that exploit panel nature of data to account for observed and unobserved heterogeneity in the sample are used, thus improving upon methods that make no such considerations or rely on cross-sectional data methods. Standards fixed effect, two-step fixed effects approach borrowed from Heckman (1976)’s framework and fixed effect instrumental variable approach find positive effects of commercialization of vegetables through export market pathway on per adult equivalent income. Controlling for heterogeneity and selection bias provides smaller effects of this market pathway compared to the na?ve pooled OLS. Similarly, the na?ve model overestimates the effect of commercialization through the domestic market pathway on per adult equivalent income. Fixed effect models reveal limited potential of income generated from export market pathway to raise household assets but find positive effect of income from domestic market pathway to improvement of household asset capacity. Results suggest the argument of commercialization of smallholder horticultural farming as “pro-poor” development strategy should look beyond household income to other household welfare aspects such as assets. Further, measuring effects of commercialization of agriculture can be improved by using panel data and addressing both heterogeneity and selection bias, to avoid overestimation of effects of agriculture on poverty. Further research should focus on intra-household distribution and utilization of income generated from the vegetable enterprises.

本研究利用肯尼亚中部和东部地区5年的两波家庭水平面板数据，评估园艺商业化对两大主要贫困结果的影响:家庭收入和资产持有。采用了利用数据的面板特性来解释样本中观察到的和未观察到的异质性的方法，从而改进了不考虑这些因素或依赖横断数据方法的方法。标准固定效应、借鉴Heckman(1976)框架的两步固定效应方法和固定效应工具变量方法发现通过出口市场途径实现蔬菜商品化对成人人均当量收入的正向影响。与原始混合OLS相比，控制异质性和选择偏差提供了较小的市场路径效应。同样，幼稚模型高估了通过国内市场途径实现商业化对成人人均收入的影响。固定效应模型显示出口市场途径产生的收入对增加家庭资产的潜力有限，但发现国内市场途径的收入对提高家庭资产能力具有正向作用。结果表明，将小农园林业商业化作为“有利于穷人”的发展战略，其着眼点应该超越家庭收入，而转向诸如资产等其他家庭福利方面。此外，可以通过使用面板数据、处理异质性和选择偏差来改进农业商业化效应的衡量，以避免过高估计农业对贫困的影响。进一步的研究应集中于蔬菜企业产生的收入的家庭内部分配和利用。