英文文献：Innovation Adoption, Farm Productivity and Poverty Status of Rural Smallholder Farm Households in South-East, Nigeria-尼日利亚东南部农村小农家庭的创新采用、农业生产率和贫困状况
英文文献作者：Iheke, Onwuchekwa Raphael,Nwaru, Jude Chukwudi
英文文献摘要：
Although many countries have made significant progress in the last decade, poverty and malnutrition continue to be major problems in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Experts estimate that rising food prices have driven about 44 million people into poverty in developing countries since June 2010, as food costs continue to rise. Innovation adoption is key to increasing farm productivity. This necessited this study on innovation adoption, farm productivity and poverty status of rural smallholder farm households in South-Eastern Nigeria. This was premised on the fact that increasing agricultural productivity can increase food availability and access as well as rural incomes as the rural areas are home to 75 percent of Africa’s population, most of whom count agriculture as their major source of income. Data collected using structured questionnaire and interview schedules were analyzed using descriptive statistical tools such as frequency tables, percentages, regression analysis and Chow’s test statistic. Result of data analysis revealed that the most adopted innovations/technologies were use of inorganic fertilizer, improved seed, terracing, crop residue recycling, crop rotation and use animal waste. The significant factors influencing adoption of the innovations/technologies were gender, age, years of formal education attainment, household income, extension contact and membership of cooperative. The Chow’s test revealed that innovation/technology adoption have significant and positive impact on farm productivity. Also, the study revealed improved livelihood or better welfare for innovation adopters than for non-adopters. Therefore, efforts at increasing farm productivity and reducing poverty among farm households should involve policies that would encourage the households to embrace or step up adoption of agricultural innovations should be put in place. This should involve educating and enlightening the farm households on the benefits of these innovation. In this respect, agricultural extension services should be strengthened to provide the informal training that helps to unlock the natural talents and inherent enterprising qualities of the farm households, enhancing his ability to understand and evaluate new production techniques/innovations leading to increased farm productivity and incomes with concomitant reduction in poverty.

尽管许多国家在过去十年取得了重大进展，但贫困和营养不良仍是撒哈拉以南非洲地区的主要问题。专家估计，自2010年6月以来，由于粮食价格持续上涨，粮食价格上涨已经导致发展中国家约4400万人陷入贫困。采用创新是提高农业生产率的关键。因此，有必要对尼日利亚东南部农村小农农户的创新采用、农业生产率和贫困状况进行研究。这一假设的前提是，提高农业生产率可以增加粮食的供应和获得，也可以增加农村收入，因为农村地区人口占非洲人口的75%，其中大多数人将农业视为其主要收入来源。使用结构化问卷和访谈表收集的数据使用描述性统计工具进行分析，如频数表、百分比、回归分析和周氏检验统计。数据分析结果表明，采用最多的创新/技术是无机肥料的使用、改良种子、梯田、秸秆回收、轮作和动物粪便的利用。影响采用创新/技术的重要因素是性别、年龄、接受正规教育的年数、家庭收入、扩大联系和合作社成员资格。Chow的测试显示，创新/技术采用对农业生产率有显著的积极影响。此外，研究显示，采用创新技术的人比不采用创新技术的人生活更好，福利更好。因此，提高农业生产率和减少农户贫困的努力应该包括制定政策，鼓励农户接受或加快采用农业创新。这应该包括教育和启发农户了解这些创新的好处。在这方面,应加强农业推广服务提供非正式的培训,有助于解开固有的天赋和农户的进取的品质,增强他的能力去理解和评估新的生产技术/创新导致农业生产率和收入增加随之而来的减少贫困。