7 Evaluating Cash Flow at Risk 143
7.1 Introduction 143
7.2 From exposures to Cash Flow at Risk (CFaR) 144
7.3 Information requirements for CFaR analysis 147
7.4 Norsk Hydro and its exposures 148
7.5 Estimating CFaR 151
7.6 Hedging exposure to reduce CFaR 152
7.7 Concluding remarks on Cash Flow at Risk 153
8 Strategies for Risk and Exposure Management 155
8.1 Introduction 155
8.2 Choice of target variable and time horizon 156
8.3 Management’s risk attitude 159
8.4 Price adjustment in goods and fi nancial markets 160
8.5 Choice of exposure management strategies 161
8.6 Information requirements 164
8.7 Adjustability of commercial operations: Real options 167
8.8 Concluding remarks on the choice of strategy 169
9 Recognizing Macroeconomic Fluctuations in Value-Based
Management 170
9.1 Introduction 170
9.2 VBM and macroeconomic fl uctuations 171
9.3 Cash fl ow decomposition and valuation: The case of
Electrolux 173
9.4 Decomposition in performance assessment 176
9.5 Taking fl exibility into account 177
9.6 Concluding remarks about MUST analysis in performance
assessment 180
10 Evaluation, Feedback, and Organization 183
10.1 Introduction 183
10.2 Managers’ incentives and the fi rm’s objectives 184
10.3 Realized versus non-realized and anticipated versus
unanticipated gains and losses 187
10.4 Nominal versus real magnitudes 190
10.5 Evaluation of risk management strategies 190
10.6 Centralization versus decentralization of risk
management 192
10.7 Concluding remarks on evaluation, feedback, and
organization 195