<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">哈佛大学战略经济学家迈克尔·波特教授最早提出“产业集群”一词提出，其概念最具代表性，并且被广泛接受。即产业集群是指在特定领域中，一群在地理上集中，且具有相互关联性的企业、专业化供应商、服务供应商、相关产业的厂商，以及相关的机构（如大学、标准的制定机构、产业协会、智囊团、职业培训提供者和贸易联盟等）构成的产业空间组织。</span></p><span style="; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-;">根据波特（<span lang="EN-US">M. Porter</span>）的定义，产业集群是一组在地理上靠近的相互联系的公司和关联的机构，它们同处或相关于一个特定的产业领域，由于具有共性和互补性而联系在一起。波特教授<span lang="EN-US">1990</span>年在其研究里极力强调地理群聚现象对于生产力和创新能力的意义。<span lang="EN-US">
<p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-;">竞争力的基础是产品创新和过程创新，以及灵敏地应对迅速变化的消费需求。尽管信息与通讯技术使远距离通信传输加快，仍然需要人们在集群中近距离的互动，以刺激创新。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black;"><font face="Times New Roman">19</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">世纪末就被认识的产业集聚现象是基于自然资源共生或追求降低交通物流成本的，与</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black;"><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">世纪</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black;"><font face="Times New Roman">80</font></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代之后认识到的产业集群的意义并非等同。</span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-;">对产业集聚的再认识，即对产业集群的兴趣最初来自所谓“第三意大利”的成功经验。意大利学者别卡提尼（<span lang="EN-US">G. Becattini</span>）在<span lang="EN-US">20</span>世纪<span lang="EN-US">80</span>年代末就用产业区（<span lang="EN-US">industrial districts</span>）概念抓住了这些区域小企业集聚的特征。之所以用产业区概念，是认为这种在后福特时代的集群与<span lang="EN-US">19</span>世纪末马歇尔（<span lang="EN-US">A. Marshall</span>）在其经典著作《经济学原理》中所论述的具有创新氛围的手工业小企业集聚的产业区有很多相似之处。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-;"> 表 </span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-;">产业集群不同称谓及其内涵一览表<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p></span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-;"> 表 </span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-;">产业集群不同称谓及其内涵一览表<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span><table class="MsoNormalTable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="1" style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext;"><tbody><tr style="HEIGHT: 27.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes;"><td width="123" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 92.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 27.25pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.5;"><span style="; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">概念<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p></td><td width="445" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ffffff; WIDTH: 334pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 27.25pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">内涵<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 30.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td width="123" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ffffff; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 92.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 30.65pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5;"><span style="; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">企业集群<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p></td><td valign="top" width="445" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ffffff; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ffffff; WIDTH: 334pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 30.65pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">在某一特定产业形成的相互联系公司与机构在地理位置上的聚集<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 54.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td width="123" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ffffff; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 92.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 54.25pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 1.0;"><span style="; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">产业综合体<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p></td><td valign="top" width="445" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ffffff; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ffffff; WIDTH: 334pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 54.25pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">通过主要的物资流和服务流连接的多个产业构成的集团，此外，在地域模式上表现出高度的相似性<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 46.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td width="123" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ffffff; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 92.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 46.45pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5;"><span style="; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">企业网络<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p></td><td valign="top" width="445" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ffffff; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ffffff; WIDTH: 334pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 46.45pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">由成员关系相联系的企业集团，集团具有特定的（通常是契约型的）商业目标，可能产生互惠的财务收益。网络成员根据多种原因而相互选择，他们明确同意通过某种方式合作，在一定程度上相互依赖。网络发展更倾向于集群内部，尤其是多个商业交易后已产生相似性并建立信任关系。典型的网络企业间的纽带比集群更正式<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 43.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"><td width="123" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ffffff; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 92.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 43.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5;"><span style="; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">新产业区<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p></td><td valign="top" width="445" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ffffff; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ffffff; WIDTH: 334pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 43.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">大量专业化中小企业在集聚过程中生成的“柔性生成综合体”，其识别标志为区域网络和根植性<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 46.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td width="123" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ffffff; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 92.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 46.4pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 1.0;"><span style="; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">区域产业群<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p></td><td valign="top" width="445" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #ffffff; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #ffffff; WIDTH: 334pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 46.4pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">构成要素分享共同的区域位置的集群，在这里，区域可以定义为都市圈、劳动力市场或其他功能的经济单元<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table>
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