英文文献：Measuring Interactions Among Urban Development, Land Use Regulations, And Public Finance-衡量城市发展、土地使用法规和公共财政之间的相互作用
英文文献作者：Cho, Seong-Hoon,Wu, JunJie
英文文献摘要：
In this paper, a theoretical model is developed to analyze the interactions among residential development, land use regulations, and public financial impacts (public expenditure and property tax). A simultaneous equations system with self-selection and discrete dependent variables is estimated to determine the interactions for counties in the five western states (California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington). The results show that county governments are more likely to impose land use regulations when facing rapid land development, high public expenditure and property tax. The land use regulations, in turn, decrease land development, long-run public expenditure, and property tax at the cost of higher housing prices and property tax. During the period of 1982-1992, land use regulations reduced developed areas by 612,800 acres or 8.8 % of the developed area of five western states in 1992, but increased housing price by $5,741 per unit under "stringent" regulations and $1,319 per unit under "low" regulations. Because it costs money to develop and implement land use regulations, land use regulations increased public expenditure and property tax in the short run, during the period of 1982-1987. However, in the long-run (1982-1992), land use regulations actually reduce public expenditure and property taxes because the regulations reduce developed areas. The results also show that land use regulations, land development, public expenditure, and property tax all are significantly affected by population, geographic location, land quality, housing prices, and the risks and costs of development.

本文建立了一个理论模型来分析住宅开发、土地使用法规和公共财政影响(公共支出和财产税)之间的相互作用。一个具有自选择和离散因变量的联立方程组系统被估计用来确定西部五个州(加利福尼亚州、爱达荷州、内华达州、俄勒冈州和华盛顿州)的县之间的相互作用。结果表明，面对土地快速开发、公共支出高和财产税等问题，县级政府更倾向于实施土地利用法规。土地使用规定反过来又减少了土地开发、长期公共支出和财产税，代价是更高的房价和财产税。在1982-1992年期间，土地使用条例减少了612,800英亩，或西部五个州发达地区面积的8.8%，但在“严格”条例下每单位房价上涨了5,741美元，在“低”条例下每单位房价上涨了1,319美元。由于制定和实施土地使用法规需要资金，因此在1982-1987年期间，土地使用法规在短期内增加了公共支出和财产税。然而，长期来看(1982-1992年)，土地使用条例实际上减少了公共支出和财产税，因为条例减少了发达地区。研究结果还表明，人口、地理位置、土地质量、房价、开发风险和成本等因素对土地利用法规、土地开发、公共支出和财产税都有显著影响。