英文文献：The Effect Of Food Stamps On Spending For Grocery Products-食品券对食品杂货消费的影响
英文文献作者：Binkley, James K.,Eales, James S.
英文文献摘要：
We constructed demographic profiles of each market area by aggregating circa-1990 county US census data. We constructed a measure for market level food stamp benefits using 1990 county-level food stamp benefit data supplied by the USDA. This is the key explanatory variable in regressions in which sales of many specific foods and food aggregates are regressed on food stamp benefits and a large number of demographics, including a measure of poverty. The percent of grocery sales accounted for by food stamps ranged from less than two in the Boston area to more than ten in Shreveport. The primary interest is to evaluate the extent to which differences in food stamp usage across market areas alters the relative sales of grocery products. Because food stamps are a food-specific increase in income, we might expect a shift into more desirable, income-elastic grocery categories, perhaps more nutritious ones. We examine major food categories and find effects in the expected direction, in some cases significant. Focusing on nutrition, we examine sales of particular cereal brands, for which we have detailed sales and nutrition content data. No strong impacts are found. The second interest is the food buying habits of low income buyers in general and food stamp users in particular. It is commonly felt that low income households are necessarily more adroit food shoppers and will tend to buy more economical versions of their choices. However, there is little evidence of this. Indeed, it has been repeatedly found that low income buyers are less likely to substitute private labels goods for their branded counterparts. We study the role of food stamp and poverty in differences across markets on private label share of 71 grocery categories. A recent study by Gundersen and Oliveira might suggest that food stamp users are more likely to watch the food budget than are low income nonusers, suggesting different effects. Essentially this is what is found, for the ceteris paribus impact of poverty is to reduce sales of private label products, but if anything those using food stamps tend to buy them.

我们通过汇总1990年前后的美国县人口普查数据，构建了每个市场区域的人口概况。我们利用美国农业部提供的1990年县级食品券福利数据，构建了一个衡量市场水平食品券福利的指标。这是回归分析中的关键解释变量，在回归分析中，许多特定食品的销售和食品总量根据食品券福利和大量人口统计数据(包括贫困衡量)进行回归。食品券占食品销售的比例从波士顿地区的不到2个到什里夫波特的超过10个不等。主要的兴趣在于评估不同市场区域的食品券使用差异在多大程度上改变了杂货产品的相对销售。由于食品券是一种针对特定食品的收入增长，我们可能会期待转向更可取、收入弹性更大的食品类别，或许更有营养的类别。我们检查了主要的食物种类，发现在预期的方向上的影响，在某些情况下是显著的。在营养方面，我们考察了特定品牌麦片的销售情况，我们有详细的销售情况和营养含量数据。没有发现强烈的影响。第二个兴趣是低收入者购买食品的习惯，尤其是食品券的使用者。人们普遍认为，低收入家庭必然是更精明的食品购物者，他们会倾向于购买更经济实惠的产品。然而，几乎没有证据表明这一点。事实上，人们一再发现，低收入买家用自有品牌商品替代自有品牌商品的可能性较低。我们研究了71种食品类别中食品券和贫困在市场差异中的作用。冈德森和奥利韦拉最近的一项研究可能表明，食品券使用者比不使用食品券的低收入者更有可能关注食品预算，这表明了不同的影响。从本质上说，这是我们发现的，因为在其他条件不变的情况下，贫困会减少自有品牌产品的销售，但如果有什么影响的话，那些使用食品券的人往往会购买这些产品。