名 称：Trade and Climate Change。
作 者：Ludivine Tamiotti、Robert Teh、Vesile Kulaçoğlu、Anne Olhoff、Benjamin Simmons、Hussein Abaza。
版 次：WTO ISBN: 978-92-870-3522-6；UNEP ISBN: 978-92-807-3038-8 - Job number: DTI/1188/GE。
出版社：WTO&UNEP Printed by WTO Secretariat, Switzerland, 2009。
格式：PDF。
语言：英语。
目录
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................................................ iii
FOREWORD ..................................................................................................................................................... v
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................... vii
I. CLIMATE CHANGE: THE CURRENT
STATE OF KNOWLEDGE ......................................................................................................... 1
A. Current knowledge on climate change and its impacts ............................... 2
1. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and climate change ..................................................................... 2
2. Observed and projected climate change and its impacts.................................................................. 9
3. Projected regional and sectoral impacts of climate change ............................................................ 16
B. Responding to climate change: mitigation and adaptation ..................... 24
1. Mitigation and adaptation: defi ning, comparing and relating the concepts ................................. 24
2. Mitigation: potential, practices and technologies ............................................................................ 26
3. Adaptation: potential, practices and technologies ........................................................................... 38
4. Technology and technology transfer in the context of climate change mitigation
and adaptation .................................................................................................................................... 42
II. TRADE AND CLIMATE CHANGE: THEORY AND EVIDENCE ...................... 47
A. Effects of trade and trade opening
on greenhouse gas emissions ......................................................................................... 48
1. Trends in global trade .......................................................................................................................... 48
2. Scale, composition and technique effects ......................................................................................... 49
3. Assessments of the effect of trade opening on emissions ............................................................... 53
4. Trade and transport ............................................................................................................................. 58
B. Contribution of trade and trade opening to mitigation
and adaptation efforts ........................................................................................................... 61
1. Technological spillovers from trade .................................................................................................... 61
2. Trade as a means of economic adaptation to climate change ........................................................ 62
C. Possible impact of climate change on trade ........................................................ 64
Trade and Climate Change
III. MULTILATERAL WORK RELATED TO CLIMATE CHANGE ........................... 67
A. Multilateral action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions ........................... 68
1. Framework Convention on Climate Change ..................................................................................... 68
2. The Kyoto Protocol ............................................................................................................................... 71
3. Post-2012 UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol negotiations ...................................................................... 76
4. Montreal Protocol ................................................................................................................................ 78
B. Trade negotiations .................................................................................................................. 80
1. Improving access to climate-friendly goods and services ............................................................... 80
2. Mutual supportiveness between trade and environment ................................................................ 82
IV. NATIONAL POLICIES TO MITIGATE, AND ADAPT TO,
CLIMATE CHANGE, AND THEIR TRADE IMPLICATIONS ............................. 87
A. Price and market mechanisms to internalize
environmental costs of GHG emissions .................................................................. 90
1. Domestic measures .............................................................................................................................. 90
2. Border measures ................................................................................................................................. 98
3. Relevant WTO rules ........................................................................................................................... 103
B. Financial mechanisms to promote the development and
deployment of climate-friendly goods and technologies .......................... 110
1. Rationale ............................................................................................................................................ 110
2. Scope ................................................................................................................................................. 112
3. Type of support .................................................................................................................................. 112
4. Relevant WTO rules ........................................................................................................................... 115
C. Technical requirements to promote the use of
climate-friendly goods and technologies.............................................................. 117
1. Key characteristics ............................................................................................................................ 118
2. Key compliance tools ......................................................................................................................... 120
3. Environmental effectiveness ............................................................................................................. 123
4. Relevant WTO rules and work .......................................................................................................... 124
CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................................................... 141
BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................................................... 143
ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS ............................................................................................................ 161
FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................................... 162