http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar ... :_Internal_controls
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Pub.L. 107-204, 116 Stat. 745, enacted July 30, 2002), also known as the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act of 2002 and commonly called Sarbanes-Oxley, Sarbox or SOX, is a United States federal law enacted on July 30, 2002, as a reaction to a number of major corporate and accounting scandals including those affecting Enron, Tyco International, Adelphia, Peregrine Systems and WorldCom. These scandals, which cost investors billions of dollars when the share prices of affected companies collapsed, shook public confidence in the nation's securities markets. Named after sponsors U.S. Senator Paul Sarbanes (D-MD) and U.S. Representative Michael G. Oxley (R-OH), the act was approved by the House by a vote of 334-90 and by the Senate 99-0. President George W. Bush signed it into law, stating it included "the most far-reaching reforms of American business practices since the time of Franklin D. Roosevelt."[1]
The legislation set new or enhanced standards for all U.S. public company boards, management and public accounting firms. It does not apply to privately held companies. The act contains 11 titles, or sections, ranging from additional corporate board responsibilities to criminal penalties, and requires the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to implement rulings on requirements to comply with the new law. Harvey Pitt, the 26th chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), led the SEC in the adoption of dozens of rules to implement the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
Debate continues over the perceived benefits and costs of SOX. Supporters contend the legislation was necessary and has played a useful role in restoring public confidence in the nation's capital markets by, among other things, strengthening corporate accounting controls. Opponents of the bill claim it has reduced America's international competitive edge against foreign financial service providers, saying SOX has introduced an overly complex and regulatory environment into U.S. financial markets.[2]
The act creates a new, quasi-public agency, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or PCAOB, charged with overseeing, regulating, inspecting and disciplining accounting firms in their roles as auditors of public companies. The act also covers issues such as auditor independence, corporate governance, internal control assessment, and enhanced financial disclosure.
Contents [hide]
1 Overview
2 History and context: events contributing to the adoption of Sarbanes-Oxley
2.1 Timeline and passage of Sarbanes-Oxley
3 Analyzing the cost-benefits of Sarbanes-Oxley
3.1 Compliance costs
3.2 Benefits to firms and investors
3.3 Effects on exchange listing choice of non-US companies
4 Implementation of key provisions
4.1 Sarbanes-Oxley Section 302: Internal controls
4.2 Sarbanes-Oxley Section 404: Assessment of internal control
4.3 Sarbanes-Oxley 404 and smaller public companies
4.4 Sarbanes-Oxley Section 802: Criminal penalties for violation of SOX
4.5 Sarbanes-Oxley Section 1107: Criminal penalties for retaliation against whistleblowers
5 Criticism
6 Praise
7 Legal challenges
8 Legislative information
9 See also
9.1 Similar laws in other countries
10 References
11 External links