Assessment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles
SUMMARY 1
1 INTRODUCTION 9
Current Policy Context and Motivation, 9
Statement of Task, 10
Contents of This Report, 10
References, 11
2 FUNDAMENTALS OF FUEL CONSUMPTION 12
Introduction, 12
Fuel Consumption and Fuel Economy, 12
Engines, 14
Fuels, 16
Fuel Economy Testing and Regulations, 17
Customer Expectations, 18
Tractive Force and Tractive Energy, 19
Detailed Vehicle Simulation, 21
Findings and Recommendations, 22
References, 23
3 COST ESTIMATION 24
Introduction, 24
Premises, 25
Components of Cost, 26
Factors Affecting Costs over Time and Across Manufacturers, 27
Methods of Estimating Costs, 28
Retail Price Equivalent Markup Factors, 32
Findings, 36
References, 36
4 SPARK-IGNITION GASOLINE ENGINES 38
Introduction, 38
SI Engine Efficiency Fundamentals, 38
Thermodynamic Factors, 40
Valve-Event Modulation of Gas-Exchange Processes, 40
Gasoline Direct Injection, 48
Downsized Engines with Turbocharging, 49
Engine Friction Reduction Efforts, 52
Engine Heat Management, 53
Contents
Assessment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles
xii CONTENTS
Homogeneous-Charge Compression Ignition, 54
Combustion Restart, 54
Ethanol Direct Injection, 54
Findings, 55
Bibliography, 56
Annex, 58
5 COMPRESSION-IGNITION DIESEL ENGINES 61
Introduction, 61
Technologies Affecting Fuel Consumption, 62
Fuel Consumption Reduction Potential, 68
Technology Readiness/Sequencing, 72
Technology Cost Estimates, 73
Findings, 80
References, 82
Annex, 83
6 HYBRID POWER TRAINS 84
Introduction, 84
Hybrid Power Train Systems, 84
Battery Technology, 88
Power Electronics, 91
Rotating Electrical Machines and Controllers, 91
Cost Estimates, 93
Fuel Consumption Benefits of Hybrid Architectures, 94
Fuel Cell Vehicles, 95
Findings, 95
References, 96
Annex, 97
7 NON-ENGINE TECHNOLOGIES 99
Introduction, 99
Non-Engine Technologies Considered in This Study, 99
Fuel Consumption Benefits of Non-Engine Technologies, 106
Timing Considerations for Introducing New Technologies, 109
Costs of Non-Engine Technologies, 111
Summary, 114
Findings, 116
References, 116
8 MODELING IMPROVEMENTS IN VEHICLE FUEL CONSUMPTION 118
Introduction, 118
Challenges in Modeling Vehicle Fuel Consumption, 119
Methodology of the 2002 National Research Council Report, 119
Modeling Using Partial Discrete Approximation Method, 123
Modeling Using Full System Simulation, 131
An Analysis of Synergistic Effects Among Technologies Using Full System Simulation, 133
Findings, 135
References, 136
9 APPLICATION OF VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES TO VEHICLE CLASSES 138
Introduction, 138
Developing Baseline Vehicle Classes, 138
Estimation of Fuel Consumption Benefits, 140
Applicability of Technologies to Vehicle Classes, 141
Assessment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles
CONTENTS xiii
Estimating Incremental Costs Associated with Technology Evolution, 141
Assessing Potential Technology Sequencing Paths, 144
Improvements to Modeling of Multiple Fuel Economy Technologies, 153
Findings and Recommendation, 155
Bibliography, 156
APPENDIXES
A Committee Biographies 159
B Statement of Task 163
C List of Presentations at Public Committee Meetings 165
D Select Acronyms 167
E Comparison of Fuel Consumption and Fuel Economy 169
F Review of Estimate of Retail Price Equivalent Markup Factors 171
G Compression-Ignition Engine Replacement for Full-Size Pickup/SUV 177
H Other NRC Assessments of Benefits, Costs, and Readiness of Fuel Economy
Technologies 181
I Results of Other Major Studies 189
J Probabilities in Estimations of Fuel Consumption Benefits and Costs 208
K Model Description and Results for the EEA-ICF Model 210