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2017-01-06

经济随想

LOS47.Intercorporate Investments

Intercorporate Investments

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Ownership

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Influence

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Accounting treatment



Financial Assets



<20%



No significant influence



FVPL, HTM, AVF



Associates

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20%-50%

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Significant influence



Equity method



Business combinations



>50%



Control



Acquisition method



1. Financial Assets

    学习financial assets,我们主要需要掌握:买入资产时怎么确认;持有期间怎么计量;卖的时候如何确认损益。

1.1 Held-to-maturity (HTM)持有至到期投资

持有至到期投资是指我们有意愿且有能力持有至到期的投资。我们最熟悉的HTM是债券,买入时,我们以公允价值计量,买入债券过程中发生的成本也计入账面价值。持有期间,债券是以amortized cost确认,这是显著不同于其他financial asset的地方fair value确认)。最终卖债券时,损益直接在I/S中确认。

1.2 Fair value through profit or lossPVPL

PVPL是指短期内准备卖出的金融资产。PVPL分为两类:一类是交易性金融资产Trading assets,另一类是管理层直接指定为以公允价值计量的资产Designated by management at fair valuePVPL从生到死都是以公允价值计量,公允价值的变动或卖出时的损益直接在I/S确认。有一点需要注意的是,买入资产所发生的交易成本直接计入I/S

1.3 Available-for-sale

    有的金融资产既不能被划为HTM也不能被化为PVPL这类资产就叫可供出售金融资产Available-for-sale。买入AFS时以公允价值计量;持有期间AFS公允价值的变动计入OCI这一点非常特别,一定要记住。卖出时,买卖价之差全部转入I/S包括之前OCI积累的unrealiezed gain or losse

有没有人想过:为什么AFS的公允价值变动是计入OCI而不是I/S呢?

计入AFS的资产是一部分持有目的不是特别清晰的资产,它既不属于明确准备持有至到期的资产,也不属于短期内准备卖掉的资产。对于这部分持有目的不是特别明晰的资产,如果使用公允价值计量,公允价值变动计入I/S势必会导致I/S的巨大波动,而将AFS公允价值变动计入OCI可以减少其变动对I/S的影响。


Foreign exchange gains and losses

    有的公司可能还会有跨国投资,跨国投资资产价值变动分为两部分:一部分是资产本身的价值变动;另一部分是外币转本币时的汇率损益。一般来说,国际准则和美国准则将这两部分收益全部都计入OCI但有一个例外,那就是IFRS中债券的外汇汇兑损益是计入I/S。平时收到的股息和利息全部计入I/S

Example:

On 1 January 2011, Baxter Inc. invested 300000 in Cartel Co. debt securities (with a 6% stated rate on par value, payable each 31 December). The par value of the securities was 275000. On 31 Decembe 2011, the fair value of Baxter's investment in Cartel is 350000.

Assume that the market interest rate in effect when the bods were purchased was 4.5%. If the investment is designated as held-to-maturity, the investment is reported at a amortized cost using the effective interest method.


Interest Payment



Interest

Income



Amortization



Amortized Cost



0









300000



1



16500



13500



3000



297000



2



16500



13365



3135



293865



3



16500



13224



3276



190589


(6%*par value of 275000=165000) and (4.5%*carrying value of 300000=13500)

1. How would this investment be reported on the balance sheet, income statement, and statement of shareholders’ equity at 31 December 2011, under either IFRS or US GAAP, if Baxter designated the investment as 1) held-to-maturity, 2) held for trading, 3) available-for-sale, or 4)designated at fair value

2. How would the gain be recognized if the debt securities were sold on 1 January 2012 for 352000?

3. How would this investment appear on the balance sheet at 31 December 2012?

4. How would the classification and reporting differ if Baxter had invested in Cartel’s equity securities instead of its debt securities?

Solution to 1:

HTM: B/S 账面价值=297000 由于债券溢价摊销下降3000

I/Sinterest=4.5%*300000=13500

Held-for-trading:与designated at fair value一样

I/Sinterest=4.5%*300000=13500

350000-300000=50000(一部分是债券溢价摊销-3000 B/S,另一部分是53000万价值增加I/S)

AFS:

I/Sinterest=4.5%*300000=13500

B/S: 350000-300000=50000(一部分是债券溢价摊销-3000 B/S,另一部分是53000万价值增加OCI)

Solution to 2:

HTM:  Gain=352000-297000=55000

Held-for-trading:与designated at fair value一样

Gain=352000-350000=2000

AFS: Gain=352000--350000=2000再加上OCI53000转入I/S.

Solution to 3:

HTM: 账面价值为293865.其他记账方式按fair value计量

Solution to 4:

• 不可能被划分为HTM

• Dividend income would replace interest income and there would be no amortization.


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2017-1-6 08:31:19
厉害!!
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2017-1-6 08:39:29
312271031 发表于 2017-1-6 08:31
厉害!!
你好早哇,亲。
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2017-1-6 08:42:55
Example: Investment in financial assets
    At the beginning of the year, Midland Corporation purchased a 9% bond with a face value of 100000 for 96209 to yield 10%. The coupon payments are made annually at year-end. Let’s suppose the fair value of the bond at the end of the year is 98500.
1.Determine the impact on Mildland’s balance sheet and income statement if the bond investment is classified as held-to-maturity, held-for-trading (or fair value through profit or loss), and available-for-sale.
2.Now let’s imagine that the bonds are called on the first day of the next year for 101000. Calculate the gain or loss recognition for each classification.
Solution to 1:
• HTM: 按amortized cost计量,不受fair value影响
1年后bond的carrying value
=96209*(1+10%)-100000*9%=96830,
今年债券的折旧摊销额是96830-96209=621
B/S:债券账面价值为96830(价值增加621)。
I/S:利息收入96209*10%=9621。
借:应收利息 9000
债券折旧摊销额 621
  贷:利息收入 9621 (96209*10%=9621)
• FVPL: 按fair value计量,unrealized gain or loss is recognized in I/S
1年内Value变动值=98500-96209=2291,一部分价值是由于债券折旧摊销621(B/S增加621);另一部分unrealized gain or loss是98500-carrying value96830=1670(I/S).
B/S:债券账面价值为98500(价值增加621+1670)。
I/S:利息收入96209*10%=9621+unrealized gain 1670
• AFS: 按fair value计量,unrealized gain or loss is recognized in OCI.
1年内Value变动值=98500-96209=2291,一部分价值是由于债券折旧摊销621(B/S增加621);另一部分unrealized gain是98500-carrying value96830=1670 (B/S, OCI).
B/S:债券账面价值为98500(价值增加621+1670)
I/S:利息收入96209*10%=9621
Solution to 2:
• HTM:bond的carrying value is 96830
I/S: gain=101000-96830=4170
• FVPL: I/S, 101000-98500=2500
• AFS: I/S, 101000-98500=2500(当期),前期OCI 1670转入I/S.
1.4 Reclassification of Investments
IFRS:
国际准则一般不允许金融资产重新划分类别。这里很特别,在金融资产reclassification上,国际准则比美国准则更严格。在国际准则中,FVPL是一个封闭的项目,既不允许其reclassification到其它类别,也不允许其它类别reclassification到FVPL。
    Equity投资是禁止reclassification。为什么啊?
    Equity投资要么划分为trading asset按FVPL计量,要么被划为AFS按FVOCI计量。而FVPL与FVOCI之间是不允许来回转换的。
Debt只有在持有债券的目的发生重大变化,且严重影响公司运营时,才可以在FVOCI和Amortized cost之间相互转换。当债券从HTM转为AFS时,按公允价值计量,债券账面价值与公允价值之间差额在OCI确认。当债券从AFS转为HTM时,转换之日按公允价值确认,后续期间按摊余成本计量。之前在OCI中计量的未实现损益需要在债券剩余期间摊销。
U.S GAAP
美国准则允许金融资产之间重新划分类别。
1.5 Impairments
   资产发生减值的标准是什么呢?
   一是资产的公允价值降到账面价值之下;二是价值的降低被认为是永久的,暂时的市场波动引起的价值下降显然就无需确认减值。减值一旦确认就不允许reversal。关于金融资产的Impairment,美国准则和国际准则的计量方法是一样的。
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2017-1-9 14:14:16
2. Associate
    若持有被投资公司20%以上,50%以下股权,或虽然持有被投资公司股权低于20%,但是对被投资公司具有重大影响,我们也可以将被投资公司认定为Associate。凡是能参与被投资公司的经营管理,我们就认为对被投资公司具有重大影响。对于Associate,我们一般采取计量,equity method又叫one-line consolidation,也就是说,被投资公司在投资公司的B/S和I/S上只用一项反映。
2.1 equity method,balance in investment account
以购买成本入账。持有期间,投资者按持股比例确认损益并调整资产账面价值。持有期间收到的股利作为投资的收回,扣减资产账面价值。期末,资产账面价值=购买成本+按比例确认的损益-股利收回。equity investment= cost+share of post-acquisiton income-dividend received.
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2017-2-4 08:52:10
corporate finance
经济随想
Los21 Capital Budgeting
Capital budgeting资本预算就是决定将公司的钱投在哪些项目上的过程。一般来说,首先你要有一些好项目的想法ideas;其次,你得收集与这个项目有关的信息,预测项目现金流;再次,你得决定何时实施项目;最后,你得将项目实际的收益与最初预测的收益进行对比,找出产生差异的原因。
Capital budgeting 的项目大致可以分为以下几类:
• Replacement projects.替代项目
• Expansion projects.扩张项目
• New products and services.新的产品或服务项目
• Regulatory, safety, and environmental projects. 法律法规规定的项目
•Other projects. 其他项目。例如pet project等。
    1.我们在了解了Capital budgeting 的基本信息后,首先要学习的是如何给项目估值?
其实不管是给项目估值,还是给公司估值,或者是给衍生品估值,估值的核心都是一样的。简单的讲,估值就是将产生的现金流折现。所以,第一步,我们要学习如何计算项目产生的现金流?
我们在给项目估值时使用的是An incremental cash flow增量现金流。增量现金流首先是基于机会成本考虑的,只有超过机会成本的现金流才是项目真正带来的收益。其次,我们还要考虑项目的Externalities外部性,项目可能会对公司现有的项目产生正面影响(促进销量)或负面影响(减少销量),我们在计算项目现金流时要将项目产生的外部性考虑进去。最后,所有的现金流均是税后的。还有两个小点需要注意:一是,我们不考虑项目的沉没成本;二是,我们不考虑公司的财务成本Financial costs,因为我们在计算折现率时已经将财务成本考虑进去了,所以在计算现金流的时候不予考虑。
我们将增量现金流进一步细分,可以分成三部分:一是初始投资,现金流出;二是项目存续期间产生的经营活动现金流;三是项目处置现金流。扩张型项目和替代型项目现金流略有不同,我们分开来讲。
Expansion projects’ cash flow
• The investment outlays初始投资
Outlay=FCInv 固定资产投资+ NWCInv 净运营资本投资
净运营资本投资NWCInv=∆ non-cash CA-∆ non-cash CL= ∆NWC
• After-tax CFO over the project’s life存续期间
CF=(S-C-D)*(1-T)+D=(S-C)*(1-T)+TD,由于折旧不属于现金流流出,所以要加回。
• Terminal year after-tax non-operating cash flows处置
处置期间,现金流包括处置固定资产收益和净运营资本投资回收。TNOCF=SalT -T(SalT-BT) + NWCInv
Example:
Mayco, Inc. Would like to set up a new plant (expand). Currently, Mayco has an option to buy an existing building at a cost of 24,000. Necessary equipment for the plant will cost 16,000, including installation costs. The equipment falls into a MACRS 5-year class. The building falls into a MACRS 39-year class. The project would require an initial investment of 12,000 in net working capital. The initial working capital investment will be made at the time of the purchases of the building and equipment.
The project’s estimated economic life is 4 years. At the end of that time, the building is expected to have a market value of 15,000 and a book value of 21,816, whereas the equipment is expected have a market value of 4,000 and a book value of 2,720.
Annual sales will be 80,000. The production department has estimated that variable manufacturing costs will total 60% of sales and that fixed overhead costs, excluding depreciation, will be 10,000 a year [costs: 0.6*80,000+10,000=58,000]. Depreciation expense will be determined for the year in accordance with the MACRS rate.
Mayco’s marginal federal-plus-state tax rate is 40%; its cost of capital is 12%; and, for capital budgeting purposes, the company’s policy is to assume that CFO at the end of each year. The plant will begin operations immediately after the investment is made, and the first CFO will occur exactly one year later.
Under MARCRS, the pre-tax depreciation for the building and equipment is:
Year 1=3,512; year 2=5,744; year 3=3,664; year 4=2,544
Compute the initial investment outlay, CFO over the project’s life, and the terminal-year cash flows for Mayco’s expansion project. Then determine whether the project should be accepted using NPV analysis:
Solution:
Initial outlay=FCInv + NWCInv=24,000+16,000+12,000=52,000
CFO=(S-C)*(1-T)+TD
CFO1=(80,000-58,000)*0.6+3,512*0.4=14,605
CFO2=13,200+5,744*0.4=15,498
CFO3=13,200+3,664*0.4=14,666
CFO4=13,200+2,544*0.4=14,218
Terminal value:
TNOCF=SalT -T(SalT-BT) + NWCInv
=15000-0.4*(15000-21,816)+4,000-0.4*(4,000-2,720)+12,000
=17,726+3,488+12,000=33,214
NPV=-52000+14605/1.12+15498/1.122+14666/1.123+14218/1.124+33214/1.124=13,978, accept the expansion project.
IRR=21.9%>12%, accept the expansion project.
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