英文文献：Risk Preferences, Perceptions and Systematic Biases-风险偏好、认知和系统性偏见
英文文献作者：Langrock, Ines,Hurley, Terrance M.
英文文献摘要：
Many decisions we face are characterized by risk or uncertainty we must make choices prior to knowing the outcome. However, we often know the potential outcomes and even have some idea regarding the likelihood of each. While there are similarities in how people respond to risky decisions, there are also differences related to factors like gender (e.g. Levin et al., 1998) and culture (e.g., Kleinhesselink and Rossa, 1991; Weber et al., 1998). Understanding these similarities and differences can help our understanding of a range of economic phenomena. For example, why does entrepreneurship flourish in some countries while it stagnates in others? Risk perceptions and risk preferences are widely recognized by economist as the major factors influencing risky behavior. Risk perceptions characterize the likelihood of chance outcomes and are usually framed in terms of subjective probabilities. Risk preferences rank outcomes based on individual wants. An understanding of how to use public policy to positively influence risky behavior requires understanding to what extent differences in risky behavior are attributable to differences in risk perceptions versus differences in risk preferences. The purpose of this project is to develop a novel experimental protocol for measuring individual differences in risk perceptions and risk preferences. This experimental protocol will then be used to explore how individual differences in subjective probabilities and risk preferences relate to objective probabilities, demographic characteristics, wealth, and information. The experimental protocol consists of three tasks. Firstly, subjects will read a general interest news article. Secondly, subjects will be asked to complete a survey. The survey will ask general demographic questions (e.g. age, gender, and family background). It will also ask 20 questions designed to elicit cultural information based on Geert Hofstede (2001). Thirdly, subjects will be asked how much they are willing to pay to play a more favorable lottery. The question will be repeated with 30 different lottery combinations, which will vary in terms of how a favorable outcome is determined (e.g. drawing poker chips as illustrated in the example or randomly choosing of specific word from the general interest news article) and the scale of rewards.

我们面临的许多决定都带有风险或不确定性，我们必须在知道结果之前做出选择。然而，我们通常知道潜在的结果，甚至对每一种可能性都有一些想法。尽管人们对风险决策的反应有相似之处，但与性别(如Levin et al.， 1998)和文化(如Kleinhesselink and Rossa, 1991)等因素相关的差异也存在。(韦伯等，1998)。理解这些相似和不同可以帮助我们理解一系列的经济现象。例如，为什么创业精神在一些国家蓬勃发展，而在另一些国家却停滞不前?风险认知和风险偏好被经济学家广泛认为是影响风险行为的主要因素。风险感知的特点是机会结果的可能性，通常是框架的主观概率。风险偏好根据个人需求对结果进行排序。要理解如何利用公共政策积极影响风险行为，就需要理解风险行为的差异在多大程度上归因于风险认知的差异和风险偏好的差异。本项目的目的是开发一种新的实验方案，以衡量个体在风险认知和风险偏好上的差异。然后，这个实验方案将被用来探索主观概率和风险偏好中的个体差异如何与客观概率、人口统计特征、财富和信息相关联。实验协议包括三个任务。首先，受试者会阅读一篇大众感兴趣的新闻文章。其次，受试者将被要求完成一项调查。调查将询问一般的人口统计学问题(如年龄、性别和家庭背景)。根据Geert Hofstede(2001)设计的20个问题来引出文化信息。第三，受试者会被问及他们愿意付多少钱去玩更优惠的彩票。这个问题将在30种不同的彩票组合中重复，这些组合将根据有利结果的确定方式(例如，如图所示抽取扑克筹码，或从一般兴趣新闻文章中随机选择特定的单词)和奖励规模而有所不同。