Language: English
Format: PDF
Page: 171

Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction and Overview ........................................................................................... 1
Chapter 2 The Economic Context ................................................................................................. 9
Chapter 3 Manufacturing Industry: The Locomotive for Innovation and Growth ..................... 21
I. Why a Broad Manufacturing Base Matters .......................................................................... 24
II. Industrial Productivity and Innovation ............................................................................... 30
Chapter 4 Pitfalls of Early De-Industrialization .......................................................................... 49
I. Services Expand ................................................................................................................... 50
II. Five Stylized Tendencies and their Implications ................................................................ 59
Chapter 5 Shanghai’s Economic Composition, Resources and Potential for Innovation .......... 65
I. The Industrial Economy ....................................................................................................... 65
II. The Financial Sector ........................................................................................................... 75
III. Labor and Skills ................................................................................................................. 79
IV. Tertiary Education and the Innovation System ................................................................. 81
V. University Industry Linkages ............................................................................................. 88
VI. Innovation Outcomes ........................................................................................................ 95
VII. Shanghai: Moving to a more Innovative Economy ....................................................... 107
Chapter 6 Making Shanghai’s Industries Innovative ................................................................ 109
I. Urban Strategy and Policy Directions ................................................................................ 110
II. Policy Messages for Shanghai .......................................................................................... 140

List of Figures
Figure 2.1: GDP Composition of China, 1979-2006 ........................................................ 10
Figure 2.2: Share of Exports in GDP and Growth of Exports in China, 1979-2007 ........ 10
Figure 2.3: Foreign Direct Investment Inflow to China, 1990-2006 ................................ 13
Figure 3.1: Relationship between the share of manufacturing and per capita income, 1960-2007 ................................................................................................................. 22
Figure 3.2: Relationship between the share of manufacturing and growth for OECD countries, 1961-2007 ................................................................................................. 23
Figure 3.3: Relationship between the share of manufacturing and growth for East Asian economies, 1961-2007 .............................................................................................. 23
Figure 3.4: Industry Contributions to Total Factor Productivity Growth in the US, 1960-2005 ........................................................................................................................... 33
Figure 3.5: R&D as A Share of Sales ............................................................................... 36
Figure 3.6: R&D Intensity by Industry ............................................................................. 37
Figure 3.7: Top R&D Spending Sectors among Top 1000 R&D Spenders ..................... 38
Figure 3.8: Share of Patents by Industry, 1986 ................................................................. 39
Figure 3.9: Share of Patents by Industry, 2006 ................................................................. 40
Figure 5.1: GDP composition (%) .................................................................................... 68
Figure 5.2: Gross Value of Industrial Output by Ownership Categories in Shanghai ...... 73
Figure 5.3: Expenditure on R&D by Type of Activity in Shanghai ................................. 87
Figure 5.4: R&D Expenditure by Type of Institution in Shanghai ................................... 88
Figure 5.5: Number of Scientific Papers Published .......................................................... 99
Figure 5.6: Changes in Share of New Product Output in Shanghai ................................ 101
Figure 5.7: Amount of foreign direct investment inflow to Shanghai (billion US$) ...... 103
Figure 6.1: Product Space for China, 2000-2004 ........................................................... 114
Figure 6.2: Components of The Boston Life Sciences Cluster ....................................... 145