An obvious instance of short-termism in governance leading to detriment to the economy is the US. Witness how Trump's immediate moves after his election were to pull out of the TPP, and attempt a repeal of ObamaCare.
In my opinion, such flip flopping is VERY disruptive; for investors and businesses, the uncertainty can be a big turn-off. America's economy is large and diversified enough however, that economic growth will not be entirely derailed by such political and regulatory instability.
However, for countries with smaller and more vulnerable economies, such short termism can be very destructive.
A positive example is China, where the stability of the Communist Party has allowed it to implement long term economics and social policies.
Another would be Germany, where Angela Merkel and the Christian Democrats' rule have allowed them to employ a consistent line of policy.