• Inglehart, R., & Baker, W. E. (2000). Modernization, cultural change, and the persistence of traditional values. American sociological review, 19-51.
  Abstract
  Modernization theorists from Karl Marx to Daniel Bell have argued that economic development brings pervasive cultural changes. But others, from Max Weber to Samuel Huntington, have claimed that cultural values are an enduring and autonomous influence on society. We test the thesis that economic development is linked with systematic changes in basic values.
  在abstract的第一部分是关于整个文章的议题，那就是economic development 与人们价值观的关系。作者没有在第一句话就点出这个议题，而是用了两个持不同观点的流派分别的看法。Modernization theorists from… argued that ……but others, from …to …. Have claimed that ….. (注意argue 和claim 的对应关系)， 然后说we test the thesis that …..(注意test the thesis 的用法)
  另外就是多元化的表达方式，虽然是研究两者关系，但是作者在三个句子中，分别使用了不同的表达当时， bring pervasive cultural changes… are an enduring and autonomous influence… be linked with systematic change in basic values.
  Using data from the three waves of the world values surveys, which include 65 societies and 75 percent of the world’s population, we find evidence of both massive cultural change and the persistence of distinctive cultural traditions.
  这一段就是经典了“使用了什么数据，发现了什么结论” ，表达方式为，using data from ….., we find evidence of …. 这个表达方式，注意对sample size的重点强调，65个社会，75%的世界人口。此外，我要说它很严谨，因为他并没有说一定是怎么样怎么样，而是说find evidence of …. 当然这也与结论的两面性有关系。哈哈哈，发现，上述两个观点都有对的地方。下面就应该是详细描述结论了。
  Economic development is associated with shifts away from absolute norms and values toward values that are increasingly rational, tolerant, trusting, and participatory. Cultural change, however, is path dependent. The broad cultural heritage of a society- Protestant, Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Confucian, or Communist- leaves an imprint on values that endures despite modernization. Moreover, the differences between the values held by members of different religions within given societies are much smaller than are cross-national differences. Once established, such cross-cultural differences become part of a national cultural transmitted by educational institutions and mass media.  We conclude with some proposed revisions of modernization theory.
  这一部分是作者一个发挥性的描述。… is associated with shifts away from … toward values that ….我们仔细注意这两个value的对比， 一个是absolute norms and values， 另外一个是rational, tolerant, trusting, and participatory.
  The broad cultural heritage of a society - … leaves an imprint on values that ….. 发挥性描述
  Moreover, the difference between …. And ….are much smaller than …..统计性描述
  Once established, such cross-cultural difference become part of …. Transmitted by educational institutions and mass media. 发挥性描述
  最后是一个具有高度概括性的总结。 We conclude with …..