This book investigates the handheld total chemical and biological analysis system
implemented with complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) based on
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique. The global market for in vitro diag-
nosis is expanding in both developed and developing countries ascribed to the grow-
ing population and longer life expectancy. Conventional benchtop tools for disease
diagnosis such as PCR (DNA amplification) are costly, bulky, and time-consuming
and require trained technicians for operation, which confound their usages in the
centralized laboratory.


CMOS is a promising alternative solution for rapid and quantitative diagnosis at
a low cost. It overcomes the miniaturization of healthcare diagnostic tools, allowing
low-cost and rapid detection of specific targets in tiny fluid samples. Among numer-
ous possible solutions to POC sensing mechanism, NMR stands out as a trailblazing
option since it is versatile and low-cost as it requires little processing on both the
samples and interfacing hardware, i.e., the transducers. However, the reported NMR
systems in literature encounter some issues such as bulky hardware, sample man-
agements, and magnetic field shifting. So herein the materials presented in this book
are focused on optimizing CMOS NMR platform for enhancing their applicability
by bridging NMR, semiconductor chips, and microfluidic technique and promoting
the application of NMR outside standard centralized laboratory with the aid of
CMOS chips. The proposed miniaturized NMR systems in this project achieve (1)
accurate and sensitive chemical/biological detection from microliter samples by the
CMOS integrated circuits; (2) electronic-automated sample management scheme
inside the space-limiting portable magnet, which significantly reduces the labors
and turnaround time of the assay; and (3) robust operation against environmental

variation such as temperature or displacement of the sample. The platforms show
promise as robust and portable diagnostic devices for a wide variety of biological
analyses and screening applications.