资本家是capitalist.

资本家是capitalist.

entrepreneur是总称，capitalist是entrepreneur中的一个亚类。 但是，manager不是属于entrepreneur的。
我上次介绍你看的那本高中经济学，你去看一遍。你就懂什么是现代市场经济了。只看中文书不行的。同时缺乏现代市场经济的感性认识和理性认识，自己在那里瞎想，结果走到大锅饭，计划经济去了。

资本家是capitalist.

老土帽。
entrepreneur是总称，capitalist是entrepreneur中的一个亚类。 但是，manager不是属于entrepreneur的。
我上次介绍你看的那本高中经济学，你去看一遍。你就懂什么是现代市场经济了。只看中文书不行的。同时缺乏现代市场经济的感性认识和理性认识，自己在那里瞎想，结果走到大锅饭，计划经济去了。

资本家是capitalist.

老土冒不要和事实过不去。再坚持也没用的。

铁一样的事实：资本家是capitalist.

The facts of production
Entrepreneurs:
some people are singled out because they are the innovators responsible for much of the change in our economy. Such an individual is an entrepreneur, a risk-taker in search of profits who does something new with existing resources. Entrepreneurs are often thought of as being the driving force in an economy because they are the people who start new businesses or bring new products to market.
Capital
another factor of production is capital sometimes called capital goods - the tools, equipmemt, machinery, and factories used in the production of goods and services. ....


Land

Labor

(Economics principles and practices, G E Clayton pages 8 - 9)
你看看书上是怎么讲的。你看中文书，生产的4个要素，你看到资本，你以为是钱，错，capital 是指生产资料不是钱，钱是entrepreneur投入的。
看看entrepreneur是怎么样的。 they are the innovators responsible for much of the change in our economy. Such an individual is an entrepreneur, a risk-taker in search of profits。看见 a risk-taker in search of profits 了吗？ 投钱买生产资料是为了追求利润。追求利润的冒险者（中文通常翻译成 冒险家）。 资本家是entrepreneur。还有，好好看看说明entrepreneur 的那段，看见
1. Entrepreneurs are often thought of as being the driving force in an economy because they are the people who start new businesses or bring new products to market. 了吗？ 资本主义理论认为Entrepreneurs 是经济进步的推动力量。labor（工人）不是的。
2. some people are singled out because they are the innovators responsible for much of the change in our economy.  看见single out 了吗？ Entrepreneurs 是人口中的很少数。这部分人是经济进步的主要力量。不是人人都有做entrepreneur的素质的。
这些都是资本主义理论的要点。对于中文读者，很不幸，经济专业的西方经济学课本上没的。因为，那些学生都在高中学过经济学的，而且，这些是资本主义社会的常识，就是不读，多少有一定教育水平的人都知道的。
这些都是很重要的，因为资本主义制度是根据这些认知（他们是事实）设计出来的。资本主义制度的出发点是尽可能的让entrepreneur发挥他们的长处，尽可能的保护entrepreneur，尽可能的让entrepreneur少受到压制，给以entrepreneur公平的报酬。因为，entrepreneur是推动经济进步的主要力量。

碰到中国的老土冒，就会发生根本的，巨大的误会。这些讲法在英文书里到处都是，你不看，所以你不知道。

你要区分动机和行为、目标和手段。
我只想强调，资本家的行为是以利己为目标的。行为方式是“唯利是图不择手段”的。这没有什么值得褒贬的。
在资本家的不择手段当中，有些会产生利他的效应，但更不乏损人的结果。不要故意夸大一面有意忽略一面。

这是在说企业家。
他提供的生产要素是企业家才能（创新），对应的报酬是利润（扣除融资成本或者说利息）。

比如说，甲以10%利率向乙借了1000万，创办一个生产新产品的企业。
那么，甲就是企业家，乙是资本家。
两者的区分是泾渭分明的，你想浑水摸鱼指鹿为马是徒增笑料！

请看160楼。

看了呀，没啥新鲜的呀。
钱可以买物，两者是互换的关系。
借1000万，跟借1000万的生产资料，那是一回事，没啥区别。

也就是说，1000万或者1000万的生产资料，都可以说是乙借给甲的。
甲利用借来的钱或物组织生产新产品，企图赚钱，这就是企业家。

你要是拘泥于此，我的例子可以改为：
甲以10%利率向乙借了作价1000万的生产资料，创办一个生产新产品的企业。
那么，甲就是企业家，乙是资本家。
哈哈，没有一毛钱区别！打跑小哥的脑子就是僵化的！不知变通！

钱是要有人冒风险去投的。投错了钱就没了。
你仔细看看entrepreneur那一段。 entrepreneur是追求利润的冒险家。这就是entrepreneur的本质。
以前讲上海解放前是冒险家的乐园，好像这是一件坏事。这不是坏事，这说明那时的上海的经济是生机勃勃的市场经济，所以才成为那时远东的经济中心，那时的香港是个2线城市。后来，上海不是冒险家的乐园了，香港成了冒险家的乐园了。结果大家都看见。

你仔细看看entrepreneur那一段。 entrepreneur是追求利润的冒险家。这就是entrepreneur的本质。
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可以呀，我就是按你的要求来的呀：
我的例子里的企业家甲就是如此啊，他要是搞砸了，就得背负1000万的债务，要是搞好了，就可能大赚一笔，这不是冒险家是什么？

明天再说了，我要做事了。

搞搞清楚吧，西经的基本常识，四个要素及其报酬：

劳动者——劳动——工资
地主——土地——地租
资本家——资本——利息
企业家——企业家才能——利润。

赶紧去翻墙搜索吧，老板等着要文件呢。

The factors of production are resources that are the building blocks of the economy; they are what people use to produce goods and services. Economists divide the factors of production into four categories: land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship.

The first factor of production is land, but this includes any natural resource used to produce goods and services. This includes not just land, but anything that comes from the land. Some common land or natural resources are water, oil, copper, natural gas, coal, and forests. Land resources are the raw materials in the production process. These resources can be renewable, such as forests, or nonrenewable such as oil or natural gas. The income that resource owners earn in return for land resources is called rent.

The second factor of production is labor. Labor is the effort that people contribute to the production of goods and services. Labor resources include the work done by the waiter who brings your food at a local restaurant as well as the engineer who designed the bus that transports you to school. It includes an artist's creation of a painting as well as the work of the pilot flying the airplane overhead. If you have ever been paid for a job, you have contributed labor resources to the production of goods or services. The income earned by labor resources is called wages and is the largest source of income for most people.

The third factor of production is capital. Think of capital as the machinery, tools and buildings humans use to produce goods and services. Some common examples of capital include hammers, forklifts, conveyer belts, computers, and delivery vans. Capital differs based on the worker and the type of work being done. For example, a doctor may use a stethoscope and an examination room to provide medical services. Your teacher may use textbooks, desks, and a whiteboard to produce education services. The income earned by owners of capital resources is interest.

The fourth factor of production is entrepreneurship. An entrepreneur is a person who combines the other factors of production - land, labor, and capital - to earn a profit. The most successful entrepreneurs are innovators who find new ways produce goods and services or who develop new goods and services to bring to market. Without the entrepreneur combining land, labor, and capital in new ways, many of the innovations we see around us would not exist. Think of the entrepreneurship of Henry Ford or Bill Gates. Entrepreneurs are a vital engine of economic growth helping to build some of the largest firms in the world as well as some of the small businesses in your neighborhood. Entrepreneurs thrive in economies where they have the freedom to start businesses and buy resources freely. The payment to entrepreneurship is profit.

You will notice that I did not include money as a factor of production. You might ask, isn't money a type of capital? Money is not capital as economists define capital because it is not a productive resource. While money can be used to buy capital, it is the capital good (things such as machinery and tools) that is used to produce goods and services. When was the last time you saw a carpenter pounding a nail with a five dollar bill or a warehouse foreman lifting a pallet with a 20 dollar bill? Money merely facilitates trade, but it is not in itself a productive resource.

Remember, goods and services are scarce because the factors of production used to produce them are scarce. In case you have forgotten, scarcity is described as limited quantities of resources to meet unlimited wants. Consider a pair of denim blue jeans. The denim is made of cotton, grown on the land. The land and water used to grow the cotton is limited and could have been used to grow a variety of different crops. The workers who cut and sewed the denim in the factory are limited labor resources who could have been producing other goods or services in the economy. The machines and the factory used to produce the jeans are limited capital resources that could have been used to produce other goods. This scarcity of resources means that producing some goods and services leaves other goods and services unproduced.

https://www.stlouisfed.org/educa ... ctors-of-production

你真是笨蛋。小农脑袋真是麻烦。
资本指的是生产资料（物质），是entrepreneur 花钱买来的。资本家是entrepreneur 。entrepreneur是追求利润的冒险家。这是资本家的本质属性，资本家是付利息给银行的的。 这么清楚了，还要搞？ entrepreneur开公司问银行借钱，银行收利息，银行剥削。你看一轮轮的融资，大家都是用钱入股的。没人借钱收利息的，这样变傻瓜了，不是投资了。
钱本身不是生产要素。
这是个权威的网站上讲的。 美联储St.Louis 分行。
https://www.stlouisfed.org/educa ... ctors-of-production
“Entrepreneurs thrive in economies where they have the freedom to start businesses and buy resources freely.” 看见entrepreneurship buy resources freely 了吗？

资本指的是生产资料（物质），是entrepreneur 花钱买来的。
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资本既包括生产资料，也包括货币资本。
钱是企业家借的！所以钱能换的生产资料本质上也他借来的。

资本家是entrepreneur 。entrepreneur是追求利润的冒险家。这是资本家的本质属性，资本家是付利息给银行的的。 这么清楚了，还要搞？
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资本家是capitalist。
企业家向资本家付利息。

钱本身不是生产要素。这是个权威的网站上讲的。 美联储St.Louis 分行。
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美联储是傻*相信的傻*权威。西方经济学乱得就是一坨屎！其概念体系也是乱七八糟！

配置不配置不重要，重要的是配置给了谁；
创新不创新不重要，重要的是谁享受成果；
所有有资本家的社会里，都必将贫富分化；
所有的资本家都在创新更有效的剥削工具。

明明是你自己乱，不要讲现代经济理论乱。这些都是常识性的东西。还搞错。 有一部分是翻译的时候造成的，所以，要看几本原版是必须的。
办企业的时候，一般只是向银行借钱。一般没有向个人借的。没人肯借的，要么投资，要么不借。投资就是股东，赚利润了。要么赔钱。

请问你为什么说资本家剥削？ 根据是什么？见主贴，资本家没有剥削。

看看170楼。
资本既包括生产资料，也包括货币资本。
钱是企业家借的！所以钱能换的生产资料本质上也他借来的。
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特别讲 资本是生产资料，货币不是资本。

资本家是capitalist。
企业家向资本家付利息
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西方经济学中的capitalist 是 entrepreneur

美联储懂西方经济学，是你不懂西方经济学。望文生义，用你的小农脑袋胡乱解释。

特别讲 资本是生产资料，货币不是资本。
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你特别讲错了。

西方经济学中的capitalist 是 entrepreneur
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这是你自己的愚蠢理解。
capitalist提供的是资本，entrepreneur提供的是企业家才能，你指鹿为马是徒增笑料！

看看160,170楼。
你土老帽，小生产。只会看中文书，不会看原文书。capital 是entrepreneur 买的生产资料， 钱是向银行借的。按你的小农理论，银行剥削。

170楼是讲得很清楚的。讲了每个生产要素到底是什么，还讲了为什么钱不是资本，为什么资源是有限的。你需要好好看看。把你的小农思想去掉点。 就知道乡下的土财主，有钱藏在床底下的缸里。资本家不是土财主，资本家是追求利润的冒险者。放贷收利息，这样的事资本家不做的，这点利息连通胀都追不上，资本家是借钱投资，追求大赚一笔的。银行才放贷收利息。

剥削不剥削不重要，重要的是大多数人都被配置到了贫富分化的贫穷一极。

你不懂经济，不要胡搞。

capital 是entrepreneur 买的， 钱是向银行借的。
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那就相当于实物capital是借的嘛。
提供1000万货币，跟提供价值1000万的生产资料，是一回事，
1000万货币，就相当于1000万生产资料的提货单罢了。

按你的小农理论，银行剥削。
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打跑小哥还是看不透：是储户和投资给银行的人剥削！他们才是资本的所有者。