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The business of value investing – Six essential elements to buying companies like Warren Buffett- Charlie Tian 2009
https://bbs.pinggu.org/thread-695143-1-1.html (Page 94-95)
Imitation Is the Sincerest Form of Flattery, 
阅读到的有价值的内容段落摘录
Unlike most other professions, where copying someone’s work or using another’s data could be illegal, in investing there are no penalties for copying others’ ideas. In fact, seeing what other investors are buying is the greatest and most effective starting point for an effective search strategy. With thousands of publicly traded securities in the United States alone, it is an intelligent move to take that large pool of stocks and shrink it down to those owned by the most experienced and talented investors in the world. As far as I am concerned, there is no new secret formula waiting to be discovered in value investing, only the discovery of bargain investment opportunities. Fortunately, our search is aided by the existence of many highly regarded value investors who have produced the long-term numbers to back up their reputations. These investors have been tried and tested over years and have demonstrated an ability to outperform the markets over meaningful periods of time. In 2007, two professors published a study that analyzed the investment moves made by Warren Buffett between 1976 and 2000.What they found was remarkable, not for the returns that Buffett has produced for what those returns meant to the individual investor. 
If investors had simply bought the same stocks that Buffett was buying for Berkshire over the same period, they would have earned average returns of 24 percent during the 1976 to 2006 period. And this means buying the stocks after Buffett had disclosed them in Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) regulatory filings. You simply had to wait until his investments became public information and then make the same investments on your own. What phenomenal here is the wide margin of outperformance. An average return of 24 percent versus 11 percent implies that you could have spent some time performing your own due diligence, and odds are you still would have done better than the index. Even more impressive, you would have done better than a vast majority of professional investors. A monkey could have beaten the socks off the market by copying Buffett! Interestingly, the study concluded that Buffett’s performance was confined to a very small number of carefully chosen investments. In fact, the study found that Berkshire’s five top equity holdings averaged 73 percent of the portfolio’s value. Buffett is obviously a unique individual and a brilliant investor without equal. But he is certainly not alone is delivering incredible performance numbers year in and year out. Aside from the names just mentioned, do some digging, and you will find some excellent candidates worthy of imitation.  Many investment firms have various funds or different legal names for the funds and the investment management company. Also, some companies share similar names, so do some research on the specific company and where it’s based to be certain you are looking at the right one. You can use this search process over and over for numerous investors. Sometimes you might see similar investments across various investment managers. These common holdings should really grab your attention. For example, many value managers hold sizable positions in Berkshire Hathaway. Even more so, Buffett still keeps on increasing intrinsic value by an average of 10 percent a year, so even at its current size, Berkshire still represents a solid investment coupled with very little risk. Aside from Berkshire and Buffett, value investors occasionally jump on the same wagon, whether it is for the same stock or a general industry that has been battered and offers value. The filings of several value investors will provide you with at least 100 ideas to research. It is difficult to find a better search filter than first to see what other smart successful investors are buying.
阅读到的有价值信息的自我思考点评感想
Researching what the smart money is buying is just the beginning. The next step in developing a good search strategy is to filter out the best resources and rely heavily on them. In no particular order of importance, the next resources offer valuable investment ideas for any value investor. 
Greenblatt began as a value investor in the mold of Ben Graham and Christopher Dodd. Ben Graham was Buffett’s mentor; Graham and Dodd co-authored Security Analysis, a book regarded without equal in value investing. Not much is known about Greenblatt’s hedge fund Gotham Capital, as it operated very privately. What we do know is that the investment partnership began in 1985 and achieved annualized returns exceeding 40 percent until it shut down in 1995. Greenblatt’s investment philosophy is deeply value based, and he applied the approach rigorously in his investment fund. Like Buffett, Greenblatt focused on good-quality businesses that were selling for cheap in the market.  He looked at the earnings yield of the business. The earnings yield is simply the stock price divided by the annual earnings per share of the business. And, like Buffett, Greenblatt defined “good businesses” as those that earn the highest returns on invested capital (ROIC). To keep it simple, think of ROIC as how much a business earns pretax for each dollar invested in the business. The concept is simple. If a business generates more than a dollar in pretax income from each dollar invested in the business, then it is creating value. The company is taking a dollar and earning more than a dollar. For example, a company is said to have a 20 percent ROIC if for every dollar it invests in the business, it earns 20 cents above that dollar. Over time, businesses that continue to generate strong returns on invested capital increase the value of the company and, ultimately, the stock price. So Greenblatt took these two valuable pieces of data and created the Magic Formula list of stocks. The site is merely a list of stocks based on a minimum company market value that you choose. The list gives you the business name, its stock symbol, the earnings yield, and the return on capital. The intuitive concept behind the Magic Formula is brilliant; value investors should research and analyse its list of stocks. The site is updated daily so it remains a very useful tool for stock searches.