英文文献：Robots and Firms-机器人和公司
英文文献作者：Michael Koch,Ilya Manuylov,Marcel Smolka
英文文献摘要：
We study the implications of robot adoption at the level of individual firms using a rich panel data-set of Spanish manufacturing firms over a 27-year period (1990-2016). We focus on three central questions: (1) Which firms adopt robots? (2) What are the labor market effects of robot adoption at the firm level? (3) How does firm heterogeneity in robot adoption affect the industry equilibrium? To address these questions, we look at our data through the lens of recent attempts in the literature to formalize the implications of robot technology. As for the first question, we establish robust evidence that ex-ante larger and more productive firms are more likely to adopt robots, while ex-ante more skill-intensive firms are less likely to do so. As for the second question, we find that robot adoption generates substantial output gains in the vicinity of 20-25% within four years, reduces the labor cost share by 5-7%-points, and leads to net job creation at a rate of 10%. These results are robust to controlling for non-random selection into robot adoption through a difference-in-differences approach combined with a propensity score reweighting estimator. Finally, we reveal substantial job losses in firms that do not adopt robots, and a productivity-enhancing reallocation of labor across firms, away from non-adopters, and toward adopters.

我们使用西班牙制造企业27年(1990-2016年)的丰富面板数据集，研究了在单个企业层面上采用机器人的影响。我们关注三个核心问题:(1)哪些公司采用机器人?(2)在企业层面，采用机器人对劳动力市场的影响是什么?(3)采用机器人时企业异质性如何影响产业均衡?为了解决这些问题，我们通过文献中最近试图使机器人技术的含义形式化的镜头来查看我们的数据。至于第一个问题，我们建立了强有力的证据，表明在事前规模更大、生产率更高的公司更有可能采用机器人，而在事前技术密集型公司采用机器人的可能性较小。关于第二个问题，我们发现机器人的使用在4年内产生了约20-25%的产出收益，降低了5-7%的劳动力成本份额，净就业创造率为10%。这些结果是稳健的控制非随机选择进入机器人采用通过差异中差异的方法结合倾向评分重加权估计。最后，我们揭示了没有采用机器人的公司的大量工作岗位流失，以及提高生产率的劳动力在公司间的重新分配，从没有采用机器人的人向采用机器人的人转移。