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2010-03-20
全书免费下载:是谁杀死了雷曼:雷曼破产报告[阳民资料库2010年新书]
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EXAMINER’S REPORT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VOLUME 1
Introduction, Sections I & II: Executive Summary & Procedural Background
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................2
I. Executive Summary of The Examiner’s Conclusions ......................................................15
A. Why Did Lehman Fail? Are There Colorable Causes of Action That Arise
From Its Financial Condition and Failure?..................................................................15
B. Are There Administrative Claims or Colorable Claims For Preferences or
Voidable Transfers? ........................................................................................................24
C. Do Colorable Claims Arise From Transfers of LBHI Affiliate Assets to
Barclays, or From the Lehman ALI Transaction?.......................................................26
II. Procedural Background and Nature of the Examination................................................28
A. The Examiner’s Authority .............................................................................................28
B. Document Collection and Review................................................................................30
C. Systems Access ................................................................................................................33
D. Witness Interview Process.............................................................................................35
E. Cooperation and Coordination With the Government and Parties ........................37
Section III.A.1: Risk
III. Examiner’s Conclusions.......................................................................................................43
A. Why Did Lehman Fail? Are There Colorable Causes of Action That Arise
From Its Financial Condition and Failure?..................................................................43
1. Business and Risk Management .............................................................................43
a) Executive Summary............................................................................................43
(1) The Examiner Does Not Find Colorable Claims That Lehman’s
Senior Officers Breached Their Fiduciary Duty of Care by
Failing to Observe Lehman’s Risk Management Policies and
Procedures......................................................................................................47
(2) The Examiner Does Not Find Colorable Claims That Lehman’s
Senior Officers Breached Their Fiduciary Duty to Inform the
Board of Directors Concerning The Level of Risk Lehman Had
Assumed.........................................................................................................52
(未完待续)
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2010-3-20 23:02:22
续1:
(3) The Examiner Does Not Find Colorable Claims That Lehman’s
Directors Breached Their Fiduciary Duty by Failing to Monitor
Lehman’s Risk‐Taking Activities................................................................54
b) Facts.......................................................................................................................58
(1) From Moving to Storage: Lehman Expands Its Principal
Investments....................................................................................................58
(a) Lehman’s Changed Business Strategy .................................................59
(b) The Increased Risk From Lehman’s Changed Business
Strategy.....................................................................................................62
(c) Application of Risk Controls to Changed Business Strategy ...........65
(i) Stress Testing Exclusions ................................................................66
(ii) Risk Appetite Limit Increase For Fiscal 2007...............................70
(iii) Decision Not To Enforce Single Transaction Limit.....................73
(d) The Board’s Approval of Lehman’s Growth Strategy.......................76
(2) Lehman Doubles Down: Lehman Continues Its Growth Strategy
Despite the Onset of the Subprime Crisis..................................................78
(a) Lehman’s Residential Mortgage Business...........................................82
(i) Lehman Decides to Curtail Subprime Originations but
Continues to Pursue “Alt‐A” Originations..................................82
(ii) The March 20, 2007 Board Meeting...............................................90
(b) The Explosion in Lehman’s Leveraged Loan Business .....................95
(i) Relaxation of Risk Controls to Accommodate Growth of
Lehman’s Leveraged Loans Business ...........................................97
(c) Internal Opposition to Growth of Leveraged Loans Business .......100
(d) Growth of Lehman’s Commercial Real Estate Business at the
Start of the Subprime Crisis.................................................................103
(i) Relaxation of Risk Controls to Accommodate Growth of
Lehman’s Commercial Real Estate Business..............................105
(ii) Internal Opposition to Growth of Commercial Real
Estate Business ...............................................................................107
(iii) Archstone ........................................................................................108
a. Lehman’s Commitment............................................................108
b. Risk Management of Lehman’s Archstone
Commitment..............................................................................112
(e) Nagioff’s Replacement of Gelband as Head of FID.........................114
(f) The Board of Directors’ Awareness of Lehman’s Increasing
Risk Profile .............................................................................................116
(未完待续)
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2010-3-20 23:03:35
续2:
(3) Early Warnings: Risk Limit Overages, Funding Concerns, and
the Deepening Subprime Crisis ................................................................117
(a) Nagioff and Kirk Try to Limit Lehman’s High Yield Business......119
(b) July‐August 2007 Concerns Regarding Lehman’s Ability to
Fund Its Commitments ........................................................................123
(c) Lehman Delays the Archstone Closing .............................................128
(d) Lehman Increases the Risk Appetite Limit to Accommodate
the Additional Risk Attributable to the Archstone
Transaction.............................................................................................131
(e) Cash Capital Concerns .........................................................................134
(f) Lehman’s Termination of Its Residential Mortgage
Originations ...........................................................................................138
(g) September, October, and November 2007 Meetings of Board
of Directors.............................................................................................139
(i) Risk Appetite Disclosures.............................................................139
(ii) Leveraged Loan Disclosures ........................................................144
(iii) Leverage Ratios and Balance Sheet Disclosures........................147
(iv) Liquidity and Capital Disclosures...............................................148
(4) Late Reactions: Lehman Slowly Exits Its Illiquid Real Estate
Investments..................................................................................................150
(a) Fiscal 2008 Risk Appetite Limit Increase ...........................................152
(b) January 2008 Meeting of Board of Directors .....................................154
(c) Executive Turnover...............................................................................156
(d) Commercial Real Estate Sell‐Off: Too Little, Too Late ...................157
(e) Lehman’s Compensation Practices.....................................................161
c) Analysis ..............................................................................................................163
(1) The Examiner Does Not Find Colorable Claims That Lehman’s
Senior Officers Breached Their Fiduciary Duty of Care by
Failing to Observe Lehman’s Risk Management Policies and
Procedures....................................................................................................164
(a) Legal Standard.......................................................................................164
(b) Background............................................................................................166
(i) Countercyclical Growth Strategy with Respect to
Residential Mortgage Origination...............................................171
(ii) Lehman’s Concentration of Risk in Its Commercial Real
Estate Business ...............................................................................172
(iii) Concentrated Investments in Leveraged Loans........................175
(iv) Firm‐Wide Risk Appetite Excesses..............................................179
(v) Firm‐Wide Balance Sheet Limits .................................................181
(vi) Stress Testing ..................................................................................181
(vii) Summary: Officers’ Duty of Care..............................................182
(2) The Examiner Does Not Find Colorable Claims That Lehman’s
Senior Officers Breached Their Fiduciary Duty to Inform the
Board of Directors Concerning the Level of Risk Lehman Had
Assumed.......................................................................................................183
(3) The Examiner Does Not Find Colorable Claims That Lehman’s
Directors Breached Their Fiduciary Duty by Failing to Monitor
Lehman’s Risk‐Taking Activities..............................................................188
(a) Lehman’s Directors are Protected From Duty of Care
Liability by the Exculpatory Clause and the Business
Judgment Rule.......................................................................................188
(b) Lehman’s Directors Did Not Violate Their Duty of Loyalty ..........190
(c) Lehman’s Directors Did Not Violate Their Duty to Monitor .........191
(i) Application of Caremark to Risk Oversight: In re Citigroup
Inc. ....................................................................................................191
(ii) Application of Caremark and Citigroup to Lehman’s
Directors ..........................................................................................193
VOLUME 2
Section III.A.2: Valuation
2. Valuation ..................................................................................................................203
a) Executive Summary..........................................................................................203
(1) Scope of Examination .................................................................................210
(2) Summary of Applicable Legal Standards................................................212
(3) Summary of Findings and Conclusions...................................................214
b) Overview of Valuation of Lehman’s Commercial Real Estate
Portfolio ..............................................................................................................215
(1) Overview of Lehman’s CRE Portfolio......................................................217
(a) Summary of Portfolio ...........................................................................217
(b) Overview of Valuation of CRE Portfolio ...........................................220
(i) GREG Leaders ................................................................................220
(ii) Participants in the Valuation Process .........................................220
(c) Changes in the CRE Portfolio from 2006 through 2008...................223
(d) “Perfect Storm” Impact on CRE Valuation in 2008..........................227
(2) Outside Review of Lehman’s CRE Valuation Process...........................232
(a) SEC ..........................................................................................................233
(b) Ernst & Young .......................................................................................237
c) Senior Management’s Involvement in Valuation.........................................241
(1) Senior Management’s General Role With Respect to CRE
Valuation ......................................................................................................243
(2) Senior Management’s Involvement in Valuation in the Second
Quarter of 2008 ............................................................................................245
(3) Senior Management’s Involvement in Valuation in the Third
Quarter of 2008 ............................................................................................247
(a) Senior Management’s Account ...........................................................248
(b) Paul Hughson’s Account .....................................................................253
(c) Other Accounts......................................................................................254
(4) Examiner’s Findings and Conclusions With Respect to Senior
Management’s Involvement in CRE Valuation......................................265
d) Examiner’s Analysis of the Valuation of Lehman’s Commercial
Book ....................................................................................................................266
(未完待续)
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2010-3-20 23:04:04
续3:
(1) Executive Summary....................................................................................266
(2) Lehman’s Valuation Process for its Commercial Book .........................270
(3) Examiner’s Findings and Conclusions as to the Reasonableness
of Lehman’s Valuation of Its Commercial Book.....................................274
(a) As of the Second Quarter of 2008 .......................................................274
(b) As of the Third Quarter of 2008 ..........................................................282
e) Examiner’s Analysis of the Valuation of Lehman’s Principal
Transactions Group ..........................................................................................285
(1) Executive Summary....................................................................................285
(2) Overview of Lehman’s PTG Portfolio......................................................292
(3) Evolution of Lehman’s PTG Portfolio From 2005 Through 2008.........296
(4) Lehman’s Valuation Process for Its PTG Portfolio.................................303
(a) The Role of TriMont in the Valuation Process for Lehman’s
PTG Portfolio .........................................................................................306
(i) Lehman’s Issues with TriMont’s Data ........................................311
(ii) Lehman Changed Its Valuation Methodology for Its PTG
Portfolio in Late 2007.....................................................................312
(b) The Role of Lehman’s PTG Business Desk in the Valuation
Process for Lehman’s PTG Portfolio ..................................................319
(c) The Role of Lehman’s Product Control Group in Price
Testing the Valuation of Lehman’s PTG Portfolio ...........................321
(d) The Influence of Lehman’s PTG Business Desk upon the
Price Testing Function of Lehman’s Product Control Group.........326
(5) The Examiner’s Findings and Conclusions as to the
Reasonableness of Lehman’s Valuation of PTG Portfolio.....................329
(a) Lehman Did Not Mark PTG Assets to Market‐Based Yield ...........331
(b) The Effect of Not Marking to Market‐Based Yield...........................337
(i) Effect of Cap * 105 Not Marking to Market‐Based Yield .........337
(ii) Effect of IRR Models Not Marking to Market‐Based
Yield.................................................................................................342
(iii) Effect of Product Control Price Testing Not Marking to
Market‐Based Yield .......................................................................349
(iv) Effect of Modifying TriMont’s Data in the Third Quarter
of 2008..............................................................................................351
(c) Examiner’s Findings and Conclusions as to the Effect of Not
Marking Lehman’s PTG Portfolio to Market‐Based Yield..............353
f) Examiner’s Analysis of the Valuation of Lehman’s Archstone
Positions .............................................................................................................356
(1) Executive Summary....................................................................................356
(2) Lehman’s Acquisition of Archstone.........................................................364
(a) Background on Archstone ...................................................................364
(b) Acquisition of Archstone .....................................................................365
(i) Analyst Reaction ............................................................................367
(ii) Lehman’s Syndication Efforts ......................................................370
(iii) Bridge and Permanent Equity at Closing...................................374
(iv) Capital Structure at Closing .........................................................375
(v) Price Flex .........................................................................................377
(vi) Standard & Poor’s Credit Rating .................................................380
(3) Lehman’s Valuation of Archstone............................................................382
(a) Valuation Between Commitment and Closing.................................386
(b) Valuation as of the Closing Date ........................................................388
(c) Valuation as of the Fourth Quarter of 2007.......................................390
(d) Valuation Issues During the First Quarter of 2008...........................391
(i) Barron’s Article ..............................................................................391
a. Archstone’s Response to the Barron’s Article.......................392
b. Lehman’s Response to the Barron’s Article ..........................394
(ii) January 2008 Archstone Update..................................................396
(iii) Valuation as of February 29, 2008................................................399
(iv) First Quarter 2008 Earnings Call and Lenders’
Discussion Regarding Modifying the Archstone Strategy ......401
(e) Valuation Issues During the Second Quarter of 2008......................402
(i) March 2008 Archstone Update ....................................................402
(ii) March 2008 Valuation ...................................................................404
(iii) April 2008 Downgrade by S&P....................................................407
(iv) Einhorn Speech in April 2008.......................................................407
(v) May 2008 Valuation.......................................................................408
(vi) Second Quarter 2008 Earnings Conference Call........................411
a. Preparation and Lehman’s Methods of Analyzing
Reasonableness of Valuations Prior to the Call ....................411
b. Discussion During the Second Quarter 2008 Earnings
Call ..............................................................................................412
(vii) Lehman’s Revised Plan to Sell Archstone Positions................414
(f) Valuation Issues During the Third Quarter of 2008.........................416
(i) Discussion Among Lenders in July 2008....................................417
(ii) August 2008 Valuation..................................................................417
(g) Product Control’s Review of Archstone Valuations........................418
(4) Examiner’s Analysis of Lehman’s Valuation Process for its
Archstone Positions ....................................................................................419
(a) Discounted Cash Flow Valuation Method........................................421
(i) Rent Growth ...................................................................................422
a. Net Operating Income..............................................................426
b. Sensitivity Analysis...................................................................429
(ii) Exit Capitalization Rate..................................................................431
(iii) Exit Platform Value .......................................................................433
(iv) Discount Rate..................................................................................436
(b) Sum of the Parts Method .....................................................................438
(c) Comparable Company Method ..........................................................440
(i) Potential Overvaluation Based on Primary Comparable
Companies ......................................................................................445
(5) Examiner’s Analysis of the Reasonableness of Lehman’s
Valuation of its Archstone Positions on a Quarterly Basis ...................446
(a) Reasonableness as of the Fourth Quarter of 2007.............................446
(b) Reasonableness as of the First Quarter of 2008.................................449
(i) Barron’s Article ..............................................................................450
(ii) Discussions Among Archstone, Tishman and Lenders ...........458
(iii) Lehman’s Valuation During the First Quarter of 2008.............459
(iv) Sum of the Parts .............................................................................460
(v) DCF Method ....................................................................................464
(vi) Examiner’s Findings and Conclusions as to the
Reasonableness of Lehman’s Archstone Valuation as of
the End of the First Quarter of 2008 ............................................466
(c) Reasonableness as of the Second Quarter of 2008............................468
(i) Second Quarter Earnings Call ........................................................469
(ii) Sum of the Parts ..............................................................................476
(iii) DCF Model......................................................................................477
(iv) Rent Growth ...................................................................................478
(v) Exit Capitalization Rate..................................................................479
(vi) Quantification of Changes in Assumptions...............................480
(vii) Examiner’s Findings and Conclusions as to the
Reasonableness of Lehman’s Archstone Valuation as of
the End of the Second Quarter of 2008 .......................................481
(未完待续)
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2010-3-20 23:04:40
续4:
(d) Reasonableness as of the Third Quarter of 2008...............................484
(i) Sum of the Parts................................................................................487
(ii) DCF Model.......................................................................................488
(iii) Rent Growth ...................................................................................489
(iv) Exit Capitalization Rate.................................................................490
(v) Quantification of Changes in Assumptions ................................491
(vi) Examiner’s Findings and Conclusions as to the
Reasonableness of Lehman’s Archstone Valuation as of
the End of the Third Quarter of 2008 ..........................................492
g) Examiner’s Analysis of the Valuation of Lehman’s Residential
Whole Loans Portfolio......................................................................................494
(1) Residential Whole Loans Overview.........................................................494
(2) Lehman’s U.S. Residential Whole Loans in 2008 ...................................497
(3) Lehman’s Valuation Process for its Residential Whole Loans..............501
(a) Lehman’s May 2008 Price Testing ......................................................504
(b) Lehman’s August 2008 Price Testing .................................................515
(4) Examiner’s Independent Valuation of Lehman’s Residential
Whole Loans Portfolio................................................................................520
(5) Examiner’s Findings and Conclusions With Respect to the
Reasonableness of Lehman’s Valuation of Its Residential Whole
Loans Portfolio ............................................................................................525
(h) Examiner’s Analysis of the Valuation of Lehman’s RMBS Portfolio ........527
(i) Examiner’s Analysis of the Valuation of Lehman’s CDOs.........................538
(1) Lehman’s Price Testing Process for CDOs..............................................543
(2) Price Testing Results for the Second and Third Quarters 2008............551
(a) Lehman’s Price Testing of its Ceago CDOs.......................................553
(3) Examiner’s Review of Lehman’s Largest U.S. ABS/CRE CDO
Positions .......................................................................................................562
(4) Examiner’s Findings and Conclusions With Respect to the
Reasonableness of Lehman’s Valuation of its CDOs.............................567
(j) Examiner’s Analysis of the Valuation of Lehman’s Derivatives
Positions .............................................................................................................568
(1) Overview of Lehman’s Derivatives Positions.........................................568
(2) Lehman’s Use of Credit Support Annexes to Mitigate
Derivatives Risk ..........................................................................................574
(3) Lehman’s Price Testing of its Derivatives Positions ..............................578
(k) Examiner’s Analysis of the Valuation of Lehman’s Corporate Debt
Positions .............................................................................................................583
(1) Overview of Lehman’s Corporate Debt Positions .................................583
(2) Lehman’s Price Testing of its Corporate Debt Positions.......................585
(3) Examiner’s Findings and Conclusions With Respect to the
Valuation of Lehman’s Corporate Debt Positions..................................589
(a) Reliance on Non‐Trades.......................................................................590
(b) Quality Control Errors – Mismatched Companies ..........................591
(c) No Testing of Internal Credit Rating ..................................................592
(l) Examiner’s Analysis of the Valuation of Lehman’s Corporate
Equities Positions ..............................................................................................594
(1) Overview of Lehman’s Corporate Equities Positions............................594
(2) Lehman’s Valuation Process for its Corporate Equities Positions.......596
(3) Examiner’s Findings and Conclusions With Respect to the
Valuation of Lehman’s Corporate Equities Positions............................599
(a) Impaired Debt with No Equity Mark Down.....................................601
(b) Static Marks............................................................................................603
VOLUME 2 (CONT.)
Section III.A.3: Survival
3. Lehman’s Survival Strategies and Efforts ...........................................................609
a) Introduction to Lehman’s Survival Strategies and Efforts..........................609
(1) Examiner’s Conclusions.............................................................................609
(2) Introduction to Lehman’s Survival Strategies ........................................612
b) Lehman’s Actions in 2008 Prior to the Near Collapse of Bear Stearns......622
(1) Rejection of Capital Investment Inquiries ...............................................623
(a) KIA Offer................................................................................................624
(b) KDB Makes Its Initial Approach.........................................................625
(c) ICD’s Initial Approach .........................................................................626
(2) Divergent Views..........................................................................................627
(a) Competitors Raise Capital ...................................................................627
(b) Internal Warnings Regarding Capital................................................629
c) Actions and Efforts Following the Near Collapse of Bear Stearns ............631
(1) Lehman’s Attempt to Increase Liquidity.................................................633
(2) Lehman’s Attempt to Reduce its Balance Sheet .....................................634
(3) Lehman Sells Stock to Private and Public Investors ..............................638
(4) SpinCo ..........................................................................................................640
(a) Evolution of SpinCo..............................................................................642
(b) Execution Issues ....................................................................................644
(i) Equity Hole.....................................................................................645
(ii) Outside Financing for SpinCo......................................................649
(iii) SEC Issues .......................................................................................653
a. Auditing and Accounting Issues ............................................653
b. Tax‐Free Status ..........................................................................658
(iv) Valuation of Assets ........................................................................659
(c) Barclays’ “SpinCo” ...............................................................................661
(5) Potential Strategic Partners........................................................................662
(a) Buffett and Berkshire Hathaway ........................................................664
(i) March 2008......................................................................................664
(ii) Last‐Ditch Effort with Buffett.......................................................667
(b) KDB.........................................................................................................668
(i) Discussions Begin ..........................................................................668
(ii) Discussions Resume: Second Round of Talks between
KDB and Lehman...........................................................................673
(iii) Third Round of Talks between KDB and Lehman....................677
(iv) KDB’s September 9, 2008 Announcement..................................681
(c) MetLife....................................................................................................687
(d) ICD ..........................................................................................................691
(e) Bank of America....................................................................................694
(i) Initial Discussions in the Summer of 2008 .................................694
(ii) Talks Resume in September .........................................................696
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2010-3-20 23:05:39
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