英文文献：Effect of Tariff Liberalization on Mexico’s Income Distribution in the presence of Migration-在移民存在的情况下，关税自由化对墨西哥收入分配的影响
英文文献作者：Garduno-Rivera, Rafael,Baylis, Katherine R.
英文文献摘要：
This paper studies how the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) affected income distribution within Mexico given internal migration. In low-skilled labor-abundant developing countries, trade liberalization should theoretically increase the income of low-skilled workers, decreasing income disparity. However, anecdotal evidence indicates that NAFTA increased the gap between rich and poor in Mexico, and empirical evidence is mixed (Chiquiar, 2005; Nicita, 2009; Hanson, 2007). Because trade may affect wages differently across regions within the country, accurate measures of wage effects must incorporate intra-national migration. We specifically consider rural to urban migration and find that working age men with low incomes get a boost from the NAFTA in their wages while NAFTA has a negative effect for those with high incomes. There is a slight increase in migration in the years after NAFTA. We also find that, workers far away from the US-Mexico border earn significantly lower wages in comparison to their counterparts in the border. But this effect diminishes after NAFTA, when tariffs decrease. As a result, we find that in urban areas, trade liberalization has reduced income inequalities among working age men.

本文研究了北美自由贸易协定(NAFTA)是如何在国内人口流动的情况下影响墨西哥国内收入分配的。在低技能劳动力丰富的发展中国家，贸易自由化理论上应该增加低技能工人的收入，缩小收入差距。然而，轶事证据表明北美自由贸易协定增加了墨西哥的贫富差距，经验证据是混合的(Chiquiar, 2005;Nicita, 2009;汉森,2007)。由于贸易对国内不同地区工资的影响可能不同，因此对工资影响的准确衡量必须包括国内移民。我们特别考虑了从农村到城市的迁移，发现处于工作年龄的低收入男性从北美自由贸易协定中获得了工资的提高，而北美自由贸易协定对高收入人群产生了负面影响。北美自由贸易协定签署后的几年里，移民人数略有增加。我们还发现，远离美墨边境的工人的工资明显低于边境地区的工人。但在北美自由贸易协定之后，当关税下降时，这种影响就会减弱。因此，我们发现，在城市地区，贸易自由化减少了劳动年龄男性之间的收入不平等。