目 录


1. Data and Statistics        3
1.1 Data        4
1.2 Data Source:        6
1.3 Descriptive Statistics:        7
1.4 Statistical Inference:        8
2. Descriptive Statistics: Table and Graph        10
2.1 Summarizing Qualitative Data:        11
2.2 Summarizing Quantitative Data:        14
2.3 Exploratory Data Analysis:        18
3. Descriptive Statistics: Numerical Methods        19
3.1 Measure of Location:        20
3.2 Measure of Dispersion:        23
3.3 Exploratory Data Analysis:        28
3.4 Measures of Relative Location:        30
3.5 The Weighted Mean and Grouped Data:        34
4 .Association Between Two Variables        38
4.1 Crosstabulations and Scatter Diagrams:        39
4.2 Numerical Measures of Association:        41
5. Introduction to Probability        45
5.1. Experiments, Counting Rules, and Probabilities        45
5.2. Events and Their Probability        52
5.3. Some Basic Relationships of Probability        54
5.4. Conditional Probability        57
5.5. Bayes’ Theorem        61
6. Probability Distribution        66
6.1. Random Variable        66
6.2. Probability Distribution        69
6.3. Expected Value and Variance:        73
7. Discrete Distribution        82
7.1. The Binomial Probability Distribution        82
7.2. The Poisson Probability Distribution:        90
7.3. The Hypergeometric Probability Distribution:        94
8. Continuous Density        97
8.1. The Uniform Probability Density:        97
8.2. The Normal Probability Density        100
8.3 The Exponential Density:        106
8.4 Appendix: Poisson and Normal Approximations        110
9. Sampling and Sampling Distribution        114
9.1 Simple Random Sampling and Point Estimate        115
9.2. Sampling Distributions        118
9.3. Other Sampling Methods        129
10. Interval Estimation        132
10.1. Population Mean: Large Sample Case        133
10.2. Population Mean: Small Sample Case        139
10.3. Determining the Sample Size        143
10.4. Population Proportion        146
11.Hypothesis Testing        150
11.1 Type I and Type II Errors        152
11.2 One-Tailed Tests about a Population Mean: Large Sample Case        156
11.3 Modern Approach: P-value        161
11.4 Two-Tailed Tests about a Population Mean: Large Sample Case        166
11.5 Tests about a Population Mean: Small Sample Case        175
11.6 Tests about a Population Proportion        181
12. Comparisons Involving Means        188
12.1 Estimation of the Difference between the Means        189
12.2 Hypothesis Test about the Difference        196
12.3 Inference About the Difference: Match Samples        208
12.4 An Introduction to Analysis of Variance        215
12.5 Analysis of Variance: F test        221
13.Comparisons Involving Proportions        225
13.1 Estimation the Difference between the Proportions of Two Populations        226
13.2 Hypothesis Testing:        229
13.3 Hypothesis Test: Multinomial Population        233
13.4 Test of Independence: Contingency Tables        239
14.Regression Analysis        247
14.1 Least Squares Method        249
14.2 Testing for Significance        255
14.3 Coefficient of Determination ( ), Correlation and Regression        266
14.4 Prediction        271
14.5 Residuals        274
14.6 Multiple Regression        282

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