Markets are complete: For each state s, there is an Arrow-Debreu security that costs Ps at date 0 to purchase and pays one unit of the consumption good at date 1 if and only if state s occurs.
公司发行的任何证券(任何现金流)都可以在市场上找到替代品(可以被完全复制)。
No value to “financial marketing”:单纯通过分割现金流(e.g.创造出市场偏好的现金流)是不可能获得收益的。
1.3 假设Ⅲ
无套利,金融估值是理性的。
1.4 证明
Suppose that the firm’s assets will generate a random cash flow C next period (i.e., C(s) in state s). Today the firm issues securities Ki(s) against this cash flow (i=1,2,…,N is the index for different securities like equity, debt, etc.).
Denote Ci(s) as cash flow next period for security i(i=1,2,…,N) in state s, then the firm’s cash flow next period C(s)=∑i=1NCi(s) for each state s.
Complete Markets: For each future state of the world s, there exists an Arrow-Debreu security (i.e., one that pays $$ 1$ iff s occurs), trading at a market price of P(s).
By tracking portfolio using Arrow-Debreu security, the security i's value Ki=∑s=1SP(s)Ci(s).
Then the total value of this firm is V=i=1∑NKi=i=1∑Ns=1∑S[P(s)Ci(s)]=s=1∑Si=1∑N[P(s)Ci(s)]=s=1∑S[P(s)i=1∑NCi(s)]=s=1∑S[P(s)C(s)]
It means that the firm’s value is determined by it’s cash flow, independent of how it issues securities (M&M 1).
2. M&M and the cost of capital
【M&M Theorem Ⅱ】在M&MⅠ的假设下,WACC独立于资本结构。
证明:
PV=1+WACCE(CF)
由M&MⅠ,PV不随资本结构变化;由假设Ⅰ,CF不随资本结构变化。因此WACC与资本结构无关。
2.1 杠杆增加股权收益率
假设Ⅰ表明无税收,因此 WACC=rˉ∗=VDrˉD+VErˉE
从而股权收益率将随杠杆增大而增加(与上一章相符合) rˉE=rˉ∗+(rˉ∗−rˉD)ED
2.2 杠杆增加股权风险
The “asset beta” of firm β∗=VDβD+VEβE
Solve for βE βE=β∗+(β∗−βD)ED
从而杠杆将增加股权的系统性风险(即使债务无风险)。